| 词条 | Mitsubishi J2M | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Mitsubishi J2M Raiden (雷電, "Thunderbolt") is a single-engined land-based fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in World War II. The Allied reporting name was "Jack". Design and developmentThe J2M was designed by Jiro Horikoshi, creator of the A6M Zero, to meet the 14-Shi (14th year of the Showa reign, or 1939) official specification. It was to be a strictly local-defense interceptor, intended to counter the threat of high-altitude bomber raids, and thus relied on speed, climb performance, and armament at the expense of manoeuvrability. The J2M was a sleek, but stubby craft with its oversized Mitsubishi Kasei engine buried behind a long cowling, cooled by an intake fan and connected to the propeller with an extension shaft. Teething development problems stemming from the Kasei engine cooling system, and the main undercarriage members led to a slowdown in production.[1] A continual set of modifications resulted in new variants being introduced with the ultimate high-altitude variant, the J2M4 Model 34 flying for the first time in August 1944. It had a 1,420 hp Kasei 23c engine equipped with a turbo supercharger (mounted in the side of the fuselage just behind the engine) that allowed the rated power to be maintained up to {{convert |9100 | m | abbr = on}}. Two upward-aimed, oblique-firing (aimed at seventy degrees) 20 mm cannons, mounted in the German Schräge Musik style, were fitted behind the cockpit with the four wing cannons retained. Unresolved difficulties with the turbo supercharger caused the project to be terminated after only two experimental J2M4s were built. Operational historyThe first few produced J2M2s were delivered to the development units in December 1942 but severe problems were encountered with the engines. Trials and improvements took almost a year and the first batch of the serial built J2M2 Model 11 was delivered to 381st Kōkūtai in December 1943. Parallel with the J2M2, production of the J2M3 Raiden Model 21 started. The first J2M3s appeared in October 1943 but deliveries to combat units started at the beginning of February 1944. The Raiden made its combat debut in June 1944 during the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Several J2Ms operated from Guam and Saipan and a small number of aircraft were deployed to the Philippines. Later, some J2Ms were based in Chosen airfields, Genzan (Wonsan), Ranan (Nanam), Funei (Nuren), Rashin (Najin) and Konan under Genzan Ku, for defence of these areas and fighting against Soviet Naval Aviation units. Primarily designed to defend against the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the type was handicapped at high altitude by the lack of a turbocharger. However, its four-cannon armament supplied effective firepower and the use of dive and zoom tactics allowed it to score occasionally. Insufficient numbers and the American switch to night bombing in March 1945 limited its effectiveness. J2Ms took part in one of the final aerial combats of the Second World War when four Raidens, accompanied by eight Mitsubishi A6M Zeros, all belonging to the 302nd Kokutai, intercepted a formation of US Navy F6F Hellcats from the aircraft-carrier USS Yorktown (CV-10) during the morning of 15 August 1945 over the Kanto Plain. In the engagement, that took place only two hours before Japan officially announced its surrender, four Hellcats were lost along with two Raidens and two Zeros.[2] Two captured J2Ms were U.S. Technical Air Intelligence Command (TAIC) tested using 92 octane fuel plus methanol, with the J2M2 (Jack11) achieving a speed of 655 km/h (407 mph) at 5,520 m (17,400 ft),[3] and J2M3 (Jack21) achieving a speed of 671 km/h (417 mph) at 4,980 m (16,600 ft).[3] Variants
ProductionAfter the decisive Battle of Midway in 1942 Japan's military leaders rushed to re-equip their forces for defense of the home islands. In fighter designs the interceptor role now took priority over forward projection of offensive power. Allied forces, meanwhile, sought to establish air superiority over Japanese-held territories via B-29 bombing raids on industrial targets. The struggle to meet production demands sparked a Japanese initiative to recruit shonenko (child labour) from Taiwan (Formosa). Though the target of 25,000 youths was never reached, over 8,400 Taiwanese youths aged 12 to 14 relocated to Mitsubishi plants to help build the J2M Raiden.[5][6] [7] The Allied advance took its toll. In 1945 aircraft production in Japan collapsed, as numbers for the J2M reflect.
Operators
Surviving aircraftA surviving J2M is on display at the Planes of Fame museum in Chino, California.[12] Specifications{{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?= plane |jet or prop?= prop |ref=Mitsubishi J2M3-21 Raiden[3] |crew= one, pilot |capacity= |payload main= |payload alt= |length main= 9.70 m |length alt= 32 ft 8 in |span main= 10.80 m |span alt= 35 ft 5 in |height main= 3.81 m |height alt= 13 ft 0 in |area main= 20 m² |area alt= 216 ft² |airfoil= |empty weight main= 2,839 kg |empty weight alt= 6,259 lb |loaded weight main= 3,211 kg |loaded weight alt= 7,080 lb |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |more general= |engine (prop)= Mitsubishi MK4R-A Kasei 23a 14-cylinder two-row radial engine |number of props= 1 |power main= 1,379 kW |power alt= 1,850 hp |power original= |max speed main= 671km/h （417mph） |max speed alt= at 4980m |cruise speed main= |cruise speed alt= |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |range main= 1467 km |range alt= 912 nmi, 795 mi |ceiling main= 11,430 m |ceiling alt= 37,500 ft |climb rate main= 1402 m/min |climb rate alt= 4,600 ft/min |loading main= 174 kg/m² |loading alt= 35 lb/ft² |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= 0.42 kW/kg |power/mass alt= 0.26 hp/lb |more performance= |armament=
|avionics= }} See also{{aircontent||related= |similar aircraft=
|lists=
|see also= }} References
1. ^Air Enthusiast, 1971. p 68 2. ^Izawa, Yasuho & Holmes, Tony. J2M Raiden and N1K1/2 Shiden/Shiden-Kai Aces. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2016. p-46. 3. ^1 2 "(TAIC) Manual." U.S. Technical Air Intelligence Command, May 1945. 4. ^{{Harvnb|Francillon|1970|pp=394–395.}} 5. ^http://therunagatesclub.blogspot.tw/2008/06/shonenko-taiwanese-boys-who-built.html 'Shonenko': Kuo's documentary about Taiwanese boys who built Mitsubishi aircraft as Japan's defences crumbled 6. ^http://ipixels.net/twff/shonenko-En.html 'Shonenko' at the Taiwan Film Festival 7. ^http://www.quietsummer.com/Emeraldhorizon/SBackgroundE.html 'Shonenko' (2006) - a documentary film by Liang-Yin Kuo 8. ^USSBS, Appendix G., p. 61–64 9. ^USSBS, 1947. p. 18-26 10. ^USSBS, [https://archive.org/stream/corporationrepor34unit#page/n15/mode/2up Appendix B., p. 6] 11. ^USSBS, 1947. p. 44 12. ^{{cite web|title=Flying & Static Aircraft|url=http://planesoffame.org/index.php?page=static-flying|website=Planes of Fame Air Museum|accessdate=4 June 2017}}
External links{{commons category|Mitsubishi J2M}}
6 : Low-wing aircraft|Japanese fighter aircraft 1940–1949|World War II Japanese fighter aircraft|Mitsubishi aircraft|Single-engined tractor aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1942 |
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