| 词条 | The Cleveland Gazette |
| 释义 |
The Cleveland Gazette was a weekly newspaper published in Cleveland, Ohio from August 25, 1883, to May 20, 1945. It was an African-American newspaper owned and edited by Harry Clay Smith, initially with a group of partners. Circulation was estimated between 5,000 and 18,000. The Gazette became the longest-publishing African-American weekly in the U.S., earning its nickname "The Old Reliable" by never missing a Saturday publication date in 58 years.[1] Background and EstablishmentClevelandMany African Americans moved from the South to northern cities, such as Cleveland, after the end of Reconstruction.[2] Because Cleveland had been primarily populated by New Englanders who opposed the institution of slavery, the addition of African Americans allowed the city's public areas to become more integrated with minimal racial conflicts.[3] During this time, the demand and support of African American newspapers in the North grew. Various "religious and charitable organizations provided financial support for newspapers," and educational advancements allowed more African Americans to learn how to read and write.[2] Harry Clay SmithKnown as "The Forgotten Warrior," Harry Clay Smith (1863-1941) [4] received an education from the Cleveland Public School System, which was integrated at the time. Smith was a writer for "the weekly Cleveland Sun, a white paper" and was a "leader" as an athlete and musician during his high school years.[2] After high school, Smith helped create The Cleveland Gazette and served as an Ohio legislator from 1883-1899. He was heavily involved in the passage of the Ohio Civil Rights Law of 1894 and an "anti-lynching law" in 1896.[5] The Cleveland GazetteStriving to better represent African Americans and the issues they were facing at the time,[3] Smith created The Cleveland Gazette, "Cleveland's first black newspaper," with three other men in 1883. [4] Smith became the "sole owner" in 1888, and he financed the paper through "Republican party contributions" and earnings from rental property ownership and "job printing." [2] The newspaper "advocated that blacks should aggressively demand their equal rights without compromise," which represented Smith's values. [6] Beginning YearsContentWhen The Cleveland Gazette first started being published in the early 1880s, it "presented itself as a partisan Republican organ" since the Republican Party was believed to be a supporter of African Americans' campaign for civil rights at the time. Some of the newspaper's first articles "chastised the Republican-controlled legislature for failing to abolish the remaining Black Laws," such as the law prohibiting interracial marriage. [3] By 1886, issues often featured front pages that contained "editorials" that criticized the Democratic Party, "trivia and facts" about remarkable African Americans, and articles about local and national news updates. At the time, social news, such as articles about "dinner parties" and "fashion tips," were reserved for later pages of the newspaper.[2] AudienceThe Cleveland Gazette strove to reflect the values of "Cleveland [African American] natives or longstanding residents," known as "old elites." Members of this population often intermingled with whites in public spaces and were known for being "well-educated and articulate."[6] Cleveland's "old elites" represented merely a fraction of the 96,901 Ohio African Americans being targeted for subscription in the mid-1880s. At the end of July 1886, Smith announced that 3,500 copies of the newspaper were in "circulation," which was below the 5,000 goal.[2]Content ShiftsMid-1890sPolitical content in the newspaper decreased, and more social news began to appear on the front page in the early to mid-1890s. By 1896, the newspaper's name had been shortened to The Gazette. As Cleveland's African American population continued to grow, The Gazette and other African American newspapers began focusing on "shaping and especially reflecting the values of black communities." In a typical 1896 issue, the first two columns on the front page, which had contained information about remarkable black actions in 1883 issues, were "devoted to a weekly women's apparel column." Attempting to better represent African Americans, Smith was also replacing the term "Negro" with "Afro-American" by 1896.[2] World War IAfter the turn of the century, The Gazette often changed its position about African American migration to the North. Before and after World War I, the newspaper contained material that criticized the "behavior" of the migrants. During World War I, African Americans migrated to Northern cities to fill vacant factory jobs, and The Gazette lessened its criticism of the needed migrants.[6] It was around this time that incidents of racial discrimination, such as African Americans "being denied service in hotels and eating establishments," became more prevalent. In response, The Gazette published more material about discriminatory acts in the early 1900s than it had in previous years.[3] DemiseSmith's Republican support started to decline after the election of 1896; during the election, Smith, an advocate for Republican William McKinley, criticized "George A. Myers, another black ally of McKinley." After this incident, Smith's chances of getting "a job in the McKinley administration" were ruined by Columbus leader Ralph Tyler, who responded to Smith's criticism of Myers in the Colored American. At this time, Smith was also struggling to finance The Gazette. Along with the loss of Republican support and a lack of financial backings, The Gazette's popularity declined when the Call and Post was created around World War I.[2] Smith died in 1941, and publication of The Gazette ended in 1945.[4]See also{{Portal|African American}}
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=CG2 |title=Cleveland Gazette |work=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |date=August 29, 2009 |accessdate=August 13, 2010}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cleveland Gazette, The}}{{African American press}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|last2=Johnson|first2=Owen V.|date=December 1, 1990|title=From Black Politics to Black Community: Harry C. Smith and the Cleveland Gazette|journal=Journalism Quarterly|volume=67|issue=4|pages=1090-1102|via=EBSCOhost|last1=Stevens|first1=Summer E.}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|date=October 1, 1995|title=Fragile Equality: A Black Paper's Portrayal of Race Relations in Late 19th Century Cleveland|url=|journal=Howard Journal of Communications|volume=6|issue=1-2|pages=53-68|doi=|via=EBSCOhost|last1=Jones Ross|first1=Felecia G.}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last2=Cash|first2=Kenneth P.|date=February 3–9, 2005|title=Harry Clay Smith: The Forgotten Warrior|journal=Call and Post|volume=89|issue=5|pages=C.9|via=ProQuest|last1=Atkinson|first1=Edward}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=The Gazette|url=http://dbs.ohiohistory.org/africanam/html/nwspaper/gazette.html|website=The African-American Experience in Ohio|publisher=Ohio History Connection|accessdate=July 7, 2017}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite journal|date=September 22, 1994|title=Preserving the Community: Cleveland Black Papers' Response to the Great Migration|journal=Journalism Quarterly|volume=71|issue=3|pages=531-539|via=EBSCOhost|last1=Jones Ross|first1=Felecia G.}} 6 : African-American newspapers|Defunct weekly newspapers|Defunct newspapers of Cleveland|Publications established in 1883|Publications disestablished in 1945|Weekly newspapers published in the United States |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。