| 词条 | Mogami-class cruiser | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The {{nihongo|Mogami class|最上型}} were four cruisers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1930s. They were initially classified as light cruisers under the weight and armament restrictions of the London Naval Treaty. After Japan refused to comply any longer with that agreement, all four ships were rearmed with larger guns and were reclassified as heavy cruisers. All four fought in World War II and were sunk. The Mogami class cruisers have been seen by naval architects as a design failure. The IJN's Naval staff insisted that each new class be superior to anything else in its category, yet designers strove to stay in compliance with treaty regulations. As a result, the initial construction of these ships was overly light; within their first few years of service, all four had to be reconstructed to remain seaworthy. They were also unstable seaboats due to excessive topweight and their welded seams cracked under the stress of firing their own main guns. DesignFor the 1931 Fleet Replenishment Program, believing themselves understrength in cruisers, the IJN chose to build to the maximum allowed by the Washington Naval Treaty. This resulted in the choice of {{convert|155|mm|1|abbr=on}} guns in five triple turrets (a first for Japan) in the Mogamis, also capable of 55° elevation, making the Mogamis one of the very few classes of cruiser to have a dual purpose (DP) main battery; this was coupled with very heavy anti-aircraft protection, as well as the standard reloadable, turreted torpedo launchers, also unique to the IJN.[1] To save weight and improve transverse stability, the class was given a more compact and lower superstructure, electric welding was used, as was aluminium in the superstructure.[2] Aiming to meet the weight limits compelled them to fit only ten boilers (compared to twelve in the previous {{sclass-|Takao|cruiser|5}} and {{sclass-|Myōkō|cruiser|5}} classes), and the chimney arrangement was designed to minimize weight as well; the middle funnel featured no chimney of its own, instead venting its exhaust gasses into the underside of the forward chimney, which itself was reclined from its base so that, at its top, it merged with the aft funnel's chimney. The new geared impulse turbines added {{convert|22,000|shp|kW|lk=in}} over Atago, increasing the top speed by {{convert|1.5|kn|km/h|lk=in}}. Protection, however, was not stinted on; the class proved able to take substantial punishment. The declared weight was 8,500 tons, though the true design weight was 9,500 and at trials they would displace 11,169 tons.[3] The designers, however, had overreached; excessive topweight led to instability, and gunnery trials revealed cracking hull welds. Hull bulges were retrofitted to Mogami and Mikuma, and added to Kumano and Suzuya, increasing beam to {{convert|20.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} and displacement to 11,200 tons, cutting speed by {{convert|2|kn|km/h}}.[4] Following Japan's withdrawal from the Second London Naval Treaty, plans were made to modernize and expand the entire fleet. Beginning in 1939, the class was brought in for substantial reconstruction, replacing the triple 155 mm turrets with twin 203 mm (8-inch) guns, turning over the 155 mm turrets for the battleships of the {{sclass-|Yamato|battleship|4}}.[5] Indeed, the designers had designed the class in mind so that the 6-inch guns could be switched with 8-inch batteries, in effect making them heavy cruisers and skirting the London Naval Treaty, though the Japanese had withdrawn from the conference and were not signatories to the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936. Torpedo bulges were also added; in all, displacement rose to over 13,000 tons, and speed dropped to {{convert|34.5|kn|km/h}}. The United States Navy's {{sclass-|Brooklyn|cruiser|2}}s were designed specifically to counter the Mogami class, and as a result had a very similar armament to the pre-refit Mogamis, in a nearly identical layout, though the US-pattern Mark 16/1 triple 6 in /47 Turret weapon was semi-automatic, with a higher rate of fire and the three weapons in each turret mounted in a single sleeve. Japan's choice of the 155 mm gun caliber is curious, as Japan already had a 6-inch (152 mm) weapon in service, of nearly equal performance. In spite of the resulting multiplicity of similar gun calibers, Japan resented the 5-5-3 treaty ratios, and had vowed to build to the very limit allowed by the 1922 Washington and 1930 London Naval Treaties. As the French had already used a 155 mm main battery in the three {{sclass-|Duguay-Trouin|cruiser|2}}s (1922–1926), this became the largest gun caliber allowed for light cruisers under the 1930 London Naval Treaty. War serviceAll four ships participated in the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies. Mogami and Mikuma were present at the Battle of Sunda Strait and contributed to the sinkings of the cruisers {{HMAS|Perth|1934|6}} and {{USS|Houston|CA-30|6}}. In June 1942, all four took part in the Battle of Midway, where Mogami and Mikuma collided trying to avoid a submarine attack; Mikuma was finished off on 6 June 1942 by aircraft from aircraft carriers {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|6}} and {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|2}}. The heavily damaged Mogami limped home and spent ten months in yard, during which her afterparts were completely rebuilt, and "X" and "Y" turrets were replaced by a flight deck (with the intention to operate 11 aircraft). In October 1944, the survivors were reunited at the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Mogami, heavily damaged by a collision with the cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Nachi||2}}, cruiser gunfire, and aerial attack, was scuttled by the destroyer {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Akebono|1930|2}}, while Kumano stumbled into Manila harbor on one boiler, to be put out of her misery by Halsey's aviators on 25 November 1944; the US escort carrier planes mauled Suzuya at Leyte, and she was scuttled by the destroyer {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Okinami||2}} on 25 October. CriticismThis class is seen by naval architects as trying to fit a quart into a pint pot. The IJN's Naval staff insisted that each new class be superior to anything else in its category, which placed an enormous burden on Japanese naval constructors and the difficulties with these ships have to be seen in this light. The initial construction was extremely light in order to comply with the naval treaties and had to be remedied. When the Royal Navy's Director of Naval Construction (DNC) was told about these ships by British Naval Intelligence, quoting the public displacement figure, he replied that the capabilities quoted could not be achieved on this displacement and that "they must be building their ships out of cardboard or lying". Though the placement of Turret #3 improved its firing arc, and though the class had the stability problems fixed (the preceding {{sclass-|Takao|cruiser|2}}s were considered too top-heavy), the Mogamis are generally not considered an improvement over the Takaos.[6] Nonetheless, the follow-up {{sclass-|Tone|cruiser|4}} retained many aspects of the Mogami-class design. However, the Tones were intended for a different purpose with all of their main armament forward, so their stern could accommodate extra floatplanes. Ships
Notes1. ^Lacroix, Japanese Cruisers, pp. 434–435 2. ^Lacroix, Japanese Cruisers, p. 438-439 3. ^Brown, Nelson to Vanguard p 74 4. ^Lacroix, Japanese Cruisers, p. 439-442 5. ^Lacroix, Japanese Cruisers, p. 442-443 6. ^http://www.combinedfleet.com/takao_c.htm Bibliography
| last = Blair | first = Clay | authorlink = | year = 1975 | title = Silent Victory | publisher = Lippincott | location = London }}
| last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu | authorlink = | year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub | location = | isbn = 0-8159-5302-X }}
| last = Dull | first = Paul S. | authorlink = | year = 1978 | chapter = | title = A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941-1945 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location =Annapolis, Maryland | isbn = 0-87021-097-1 }}
| last = Fitzsimons | first = Bernard | authorlink = | year = 1978 | chapter = p. 1927-8 | title = The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare, Volume 18 | publisher = Phoebus | location = London }}
| last1 = Lacroix | first1 = Eric | first2 = Linton | last2= Wells II | year = 1997 | title = Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis | isbn = 0-87021-311-3 | oclc= 21079856 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/japanese-cruisers-of-the-pacific-war/oclc/21079856/viewport }}
| last = Preston | first = Anthony | authorlink = | year = 2004 | chapter = | title = World's Worst Warships | publisher = Conway's Maritime Press | location = London }}
| last = Miller | first = David | authorlink = | year = 2004 | title = The Illustrated Directory of Warships from 1860 To The Present Day | publisher = Greenwich Editions, Salamander Books Ltd | location = London | isbn = 0-86288-677-5 }} External links{{Commons category|Mogami class cruiser}}
| last = Hackett | first = Bob |author2=Sander Kingsepp | year = 2006 | url = http://www.combinedfleet.com/mogami_c.htm | title = Mogami class | work = Imperial Japanese Navy Page (Combinedfleet.com) | accessdate = 2006-06-14 }}{{Mogami class cruiser}}{{WWII Japanese Ships}} 4 : Cruiser classes|Mogami-class cruisers|Cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy|Ships built in Japan |
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