“Mogilev”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mogilev (official transliteration: Mahilioŭ; also Mahilyow; {{lang-be|Магілёў}}, {{IPA-be|maɣʲiˈlʲou̯|pron}}; {{lang-ru|Могилёв}}, {{IPA-ru|məɡʲɪˈlʲof|pron}}) is a city in eastern Belarus, about {{convert|76|km|0|abbr=off}} from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and {{convert|105|km|0|abbr=in}} from the border with Russia's Bryansk Oblast. {{As of|2011}}, its population was 360,918,^[1] up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956. It is the administrative centre of Mogilev Region and the third largest city in Belarus.

History

The city is mentioned in historical sources since 1267. From the 14th century it was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, since the Union of Lublin (1569), part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where it became known as Mohylew. In 16th-17th century the city flourished as one of the main nodes of the east-west and north-south trading routes.

In 1577 Polish-Lithuanian King Stefan Batory granted it city rights under Magdeburg law. In 1654, the townsmen negotiated a treaty of surrender to the Russians peacefully, if the Jews were to be expelled and their property divided up among Mogilev's inhabitants. Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovitch agreed. However, instead of expelling the Jews, the Russian troops massacred them after they had led them to the outskirts of the town.^[2] The city was set on fire by Charles XII's forces in 1708, during the Great Northern War.^[3] After the First Partition of Poland (1772) Mogilev became part of the Russian Empire and became the centre of the Mogilev Governorate.

In the years 1915–1917, during World War I, the Stavka, the headquarters of the Russian Imperial Army was based in the city and the Tsar, Nicholas II, spent long periods there as Commander-in-Chief.

Following the Russian Revolution, in 1918, the city was briefly occupied by Germany and placed under their short-lived Belarusian People's Republic. Then, in 1919 it was captured by the forces of Soviet Russia and incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR. Up to World War II and the Holocaust, like many other cities in Europe, Mogilev had a significant Jewish population: according to the Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 41,100, 21,500 were Jews (i.e. around 50 percent).^[4]

During the Operation Barbarossa, the city was conquered by Wehrmacht forces on 26 July 1941 and remained under German occupation until 28 June 1944.^[5] Mogilev became the official residence of High SS and police leader (HSSPF) Erich von dem Bach. During that period, the Jews of Mogilev were ghettoized and systematically murdered by Ordnungspolizei and SS personnel.^[6] Heinrich Himmler personally witnessed the executions of 279 Jews on 23 October 1941. Later that month a number of mentally disabled patients were poisoned with car exhaust fumes as an experiment; the method of killing was thereafter applied in several Nazi extermination camps. Initial plans for establishing a death camp in Mogilev were abandoned in favour of Maly Trostenets.

In 1944, the utterly devastated city was reconquered by the Red Army and returned to Soviet domination. Mogilev then was the site of a labour camp for German POW soldiers.

Since Belarus gained its independence in 1991 Mogilev has remained one of its principal cities.

Religion

Mohilev was the episcopal see of the Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Mohilev until its 1991 merger into the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev.

It remains the see of the Eparchy (Eastern diocese) of Mogilev and Mstsislaw in the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Economy

After World War II a huge metallurgy centre with several major steel mills was built. Also, several major factories of cranes, cars, tractors and a chemical plant were established. By the 1950s, tanning was its principal industry, and it was a major trading centre for cereal, leather, salt, sugar, fish, timber and flint: the city has been home to a major inland port on the Dnieper river since (year/period) and a airport since. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the establishment of Belarus as an independent country, Mogilev has become one of that country's main economic and industrial centres.

Cityscape

The town's most notable landmark is the late 17th-century town hall, named the Ratuša, that was built during the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The grand tower of the town hall sustained serious damage during the Great Northern War and the Great Patriotic War. It was eventually demolished in 1957 and rebuilt in its pre-war form in 2008.

Another important landmark of Mogilev is the six-pillared St. Stanisław's Cathedral, built in the Baroque style between 1738 and 1752 and distinguished by its frescoes.

The convent of St. Nicholas preserves its magnificent cathedral of 1668, as well as the original iconostasis, bell tower, walls, and gates. It is currently under consideration to become a UNESCO World Heritage site.^[7]

Minor landmarks include the archiepiscopal palace and memorial arch, both dating from the 1780s, and the enormous theater in a blend of the Neo-Renaissance and Russian Revival styles.

At Polykovichi, an urban part of Mogilev, there is a 350 metre tall guyed TV mast, one of the tallest structures in Belarus.

Geography

Climate

Mogilev has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).

Sports

Twin towns – sister cities

References

1. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/publications/2011/bul_population.rar|title=Численность населения на 1 января 2011 года и среднегодовая численность населения за 2010 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа|last=Ярковец|first=А.И.|year=2011|format=PDF|publisher=Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь|journal=Статистический бюллетень|page=21|language=Russian|accessdate=2012-01-13|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65Bi9u6CZ?url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/publications/population/2011/bul_population.rar|archivedate=2012-02-04|deadurl=yes|df=}}
2. ^Russia's First Modern Jews, NYU Press 1995, David Fishman, p.2
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus7/Krman/frametext.htm |title=Даниел Крман->Итинерарий->Текст |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=October 10, 2017 |quote= |language=Russian}}
4. ^Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-299-19464-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&pg=PA16&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=HS_3SZ2-NITyzQSUtaWtBQ Google Print, p.16]
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/mogilev.html |title=Mogilev The fate of the Jews under the German Invasion & Occupation |publisher=Holocaustresearchproject.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-09}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php |title=Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus |publisher=Jhrgbelarus.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-09}}
7. ^{{cite web|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1896/ |title=St. Nicholas Monastery Complex in the city of Mahilyou – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date=2004-01-30 |accessdate=2014-08-09}}
8. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/26863.htm| title = КЛИМАТ МОГИЛЕВА| accessdate = 28 November 2015| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)| language = Russian}}
9. ^{{cite web |author=FC Torpedo Mogilev |url=http://www.torpedomogilev.by/ |title=Official Website of FC Torpedo Mogilev |publisher=torpedomogilev.by |date=2015-01-30 |accessdate=2015-10-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131022820/http://www.torpedomogilev.by/ |archivedate=2016-01-31 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kragujevac.rs/Gradovi_prijatelji-59-1|title=Kragujevac Twin Cities|publisher=©2009 Information service of Kragujevac City|accessdate=2009-02-21}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://sumqayit-ih.gov.az/content.php?page=beynelxalq_elaqeler |title=Sumqayıt şəhər icra hakimiyyəti. Beynəlxalq Əlaqələr |trans-title=Sumgayit Executive Power. International Relations |accessdate=2010-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220065219/http://sumqayit-ih.gov.az//content.php?page=beynelxalq_elaqeler |archivedate=2010-12-20 |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://mogilev-region.gov.by/en/news/mogilev_and_ar_rayyan_signed_agreement_contact |title=Mogilev and Ar Rayyan signed an agreement of contact |date=11 October 2010 |accessdate=12 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112133342/http://mogilev-region.gov.by/en/news/mogilev_and_ar_rayyan_signed_agreement_contact |archivedate=12 January 2015 |df= }}