“Mohammedan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mohammedan (also spelled Muhammadan, Mahommedan, Mahomedan or Mahometan) is a term for a follower of Muhammad, the Islamic prophet.^[2] It is used as both a noun and an adjective, meaning belonging or relating to, either Muhammad or the religion, doctrines, institutions and practices that he established.^[3]^[4] The word was formerly common in usage, but the terms Muslim and Islamic are more common today. Though sometimes used stylistically by some Muslims, a vast majority consider the term a misnomer.

Etymology

The Oxford English Dictionary cites 1663 as the first recorded usage of the English term; the older spelling Mahometan dates back to at least 1529. The English word is derived from New Latin Mahometanus, from Medieval Latin Mahometus, Muhammad. It meant simply a follower of Mohammad.^[5]

In Western Europe, down to the 13th century or so, some Christians had the belief that Muhammad had either been a heretical Christian or that he was a god worshipped by Muslims.^[6] Some works of Medieval European literature referred to Muslims as "pagans" or by sobriquets such as the "paynim foe" (enemy). Depictions, such as those in the Song of Roland, show Muslims praying to a variety of "idols", including Apollo, Lucifer, Termagant,^[7] and Mahound. When the Knights Templar were being tried for heresy, reference was often made to their worship of a demon Baphomet; this is similar to "Mahomet", the Latin transliteration of Muhammad's name, and Latin was, for another 500 years, the language of scholarship and erudition for most of Europe.^[6]

These and other variations on the theme were all set in the "temper of the times" of the Muslim–Christian conflict, as Medieval Europe was becoming aware of its great enemy in the wake of the quickfire success of the Muslims through a series of conquests shortly after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, as well as the lack of real information in the West of the mysterious East.^[8]

Obsolescence

The term has been largely superseded by "Muslim" (formerly transliterated as "Moslem") or "Islamic". "Mohammedan" was commonly used in European literature until at least the mid-1960s.^[9] Muslim is more commonly used today, and the term Mohammedan is widely considered archaic or in some cases even offensive.^[10]

The term remains in limited use. The Government Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College in Lahore, Pakistan retains its original name, while the similarly named "Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College" in Aligarh, India was renamed Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. There are also a number of sporting clubs in Bangladesh and India which include the word, such as Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka), Mohammedan Sporting Club (Chittagong), Mohammedan Sporting Club (Jhenaidah) and Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata).

Muslim objections to the term

Some modern Muslims have objected to the term,^[11] saying that the term was not used by Muhammad himself or his early followers, and that the religion teaches the worship of Allah alone (see shirk and tawhid) and not Muhammad or any other of Allah´s prophets. Thus modern Muslims believe "Mohammedan" is a misnomer, "which seem[s] to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ."^[12] Also, the term al-Muḥammadīya has been used in Islam to denote several sects considered heretical.^[13]^[14]

Sufism

Islam has, and has had, many schools and branches. Tariqa Muhammadiyya (the Way of Mohammad) is a school of reform Sufism that arose in the 18th century and seeks to redirect and harmonize Sufi philosophy and practices with the authority and example of the prophet and hadith.^[15]

In Indonesia, Muhammadiyah (followers of Muhammad) is the name of a Sunni socioreligious reform movement that shuns syncretistic and Sufi practices and advocates a return to a purer form of Islam based on the hadith and examples from the life of the prophet. It has adapted institutions such as the Boy Scouts to Islamic ends as the Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia.^[13]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/errorschainshowf00dobb#page/n31/mode/2up|title=Error's chains: how forged and broken. A complete, graphic, and comparative history of the many strange beliefs, superstitious practices, domestic peculiarities, sacred writings, systems of philosophy, legends and traditions, customs and habits of mankind throughout the world, ancient and modern|work=archive.org}}
2. ^John Bowker. "Muhammadans". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. p. 389.
3. ^-Ologies & -Isms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc.
4. ^Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, edited by Noah Porter, published by G & C. Merriam Co., 1913
5. ^A concise etymological dictionary of the English language, By Walter William Skeat
6. ^¹Kenneth Meyer Setton (1 July 1992). "[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0871692015&id=hk4LAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage Western Hostility to Islam and Prophecies of Turkish Doom]". DIANE Publishing. {{ISBN|0-87169-201-5}}. pg 4–15 – "Some Europeans believed that Moslems worshipped Mohammed as a god,[...]" (4)
7. ^Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, "Termagant
8. ^Watt, Montgomery,Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press, 1961. from pg. 229
9. ^See for instance the second edition of A Dictionary of Modern English Usage by HW Fowler, revised by Ernest Gowers (Oxford, 1965)
10. ^The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000) annotates the term as offensive. The OED has "its use is now widely seen as depreciatory or offensive", referring to English Today no. 39 (1992): "The term Mohammedan [...] is considered offensive or pejorative to most Muslims since it makes human beings central in their religion, a position which only Allah may occupy". Other dictionaries, such as Merriam-Webster, do not label the term as offensive.
11. ^see e.g. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fUw7Eks1UooC&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=Mohammedanism+misnomer&source=bl&ots=C7QVuTLE00&sig=7YNCgxBkZ3eWj7KYsJZ7WwhVIYI&hl=en&ei=AAIlSqXHFYq7mQeg4-H6CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2 Mohammedanism a Misnomer]{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, by R. Bosworth Smith, Paul Tice; Definition of Mohammedanism, {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033409/http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Mohammedanism |date=7 June 2011 }} Farlex Encyclopedia; What does Islam mean?, Islamic Bulletin
12. ^{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}
13. ^¹JOHN BOWKER. "Muhammadans." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved 8 June 2012
14. ^Strothmann, R.. " al-Muḥammadīya." Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936). Brill Online, 2012. 8 June 2012
15. ^Green, Nile, Sufism: A Global History, Jon Wiley & Sons, 2012 pg 167-168