| 词条 | The First Death |
| 释义 |
| name = The First Death | title_orig = Ο πρώτος θάνατος | orig_lang_code = el | translator = Shorsha Sullivan | image = THE FIRST DEATH, Second Edition, Revised.jpg | caption = Cover of Dimitris Lyacos' The First Death, Second Edition, 2017 | author = Dimitris Lyacos | cover_artist = Fritz Unegg | country = United Kingdom | language = English | series = Poena Damni | genre = Poetry World Literature, Expressionism, Postmodernism | publisher = Shoestring Press | release_date = October 26, 2017 (Second Revised Edition) | media_type = Print (Paperback & Paperback) | pages = 37 pages (first edition), 58 pages (second edition) | isbn = 978-1-899549-42-9 | oclc= 45991303 | preceded_by = With the people from the bridge (2014) | followed_by = }}Dimitris Lyacos's The First Death is the latest installment of the Poena Damni trilogy. The book tells the story of a marooned man on a desert island in a sequence of fourteen poem-sections, recounting his relentless struggle for survival as well as his physical and mental disintegration. The work alludes simultaneously to a modern Philoctetes, an inverted version of Crusoe as well as the myth of dismemberment of Dionysus. The dense and nightmarish imagery of the poem, replete with sensations of hallucination, delirium, synesthesia and putrefaction have drawn comparisons to Lautreamont, Trakl and Beckett.[1][2] Despite being first in the publication history of the Poena Damni trilogy, The First Death is the latest installment of the narrative sequence.[3] TitleThe title of the book refers to the contradistiction between first and second death in the Apocalypse of St. John the Divine, the first death referring to the natural end of life (death of the body) as opposed to the second death (annihilation, death of the soul).[4] Insofar as the first death is not of a spiritual kind it is not considered as "real death",[5] that is to say, annihilation. In such spiritual sense, the protagonist of the book subsists in a "hellish" kind of existence, presumably awaiting the occurrence of future redemption or definitive extinction. SynopsisThe First Death recounts the ordeal of an unnamed protagonist stranded on a desert-like island.[6] The book starts with a description of his mutilated body which grinds against the rocks. The poem expands on the theme of his continuing degradation, physical and mental, as even the mechanisms of memory are dislocated.[7] Yet, the bond between person and body ensures life still persists, and, "at that point without substance/ where the world collides and takes off",[8] the mechanical instincts of the cosmos rumble into action and sling this irreducible substance again into space - prompting, perhaps, a future regeneration. Themes{{Quote box |width=330px |align=right|quoted=true |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |salign=right|quote = Dead jaws biting on wintry streams teeth broken under the victim’s tremor that disinterred their roots before it fell down and mouths gather to suck through the earth empty heads digging for some drop of flesh they have begun. Reeled off the net, the sky has descended. Regiments of the dead whispering unceasingly in a unending graveyard, within you too you can no longer speak, you are drowning and the familiar pain touches outlets in the untrodden body now you can no longer walk – you crawl, there where the darkness is deeper more tender, carcass of a disemboweled beast you embrace a handful of bed-ridden bones and drift into sleep. |source =From "THE FIRST DEATH"; Poena Damni }}The First Death, recounts the result of its protagonist's voyaging towards annihilation. His body and mind are on the verge of dissolution while fighting for continuance and survival. Portrayed as a victim of nature and presumably expelled by society, he is represented both as a castaway and an abortion, dying before he has ever achieved birth.[2] The work describes his purgatorial-like torture, mapping a desert and rocky island as the locus of his suffering. His exclusion and solitude allude to Greek Tragedy, most importantly Philoctetes, while images of mutilation and dismemberment relate to ancient Greek sacrifices and rituals. The myth of the dismemberment of Dionysus by the Titans is also hinted at as the text resorts to the concept of sparagmos ({{lang-grc|σπαραγμός}},[9] from σπαράσσω sparasso, "tear, rend, pull to pieces"), an act of rending, tearing apart, or mangling,[10] Other oblique classical references are equally embedded in the text, such as the presence of Orpheus, also suggested by images of dismemberment.[1] In its role of epilogue of the Poena Damni trilogy the poem also witnesses the aftermath of the impending violence of the first volume, Z213: Exit.[6] Style{{Infobox book| image = TheFirstDeath.jpg | caption = Cover of Dimitris Lyacos' The First Death, First English Edition, 2000 | cover_artist = Fritz Unegg | release_date = March 23, 2000 | isbn = 978-1-899549-42-9 | oclc= 45991303 The original Greek employs an unconventional modern idiom, accommodating a variety of ancient Greek words and integrating them into the flow of the text. Contrary to the previous book of the trilogy, With the People from the Bridge, which makes use of predominantly bare, simple sentences in a theatrical context, The First Death is written in a dense, highly tropical style. Each poem-section unravels a multi-layered concatenation of images in order to illustrate the unremitting torment of the book's protagonist. Often, the weightiness of surreal abstraction[11] lends a metaphysical atmosphere to the work, thus investing the ordeal undergone by the protagonist with a sublime-like quality[12] as, he, in spite of the world, continues his struggle to the limits of his powers. The book brings to bear aspects of the Homeric clarity of description which are in their turn coupled with fierce and expressionistic depictions of a nightmarish setting. In its aligning disparate literary traditions in order to intensely depict the clash of the human subject in the midst of a hostile world, The First Death, is considered as one of the most violent works of Greek literature in modern times.[13][14] Publication historyThe book was originally published in Greek in 1996 and has been translated in English, German, Spanish and Italian. The first English edition appeared in 2000 and went out of print in 2005. A second revised English edition was launched as an e-book in spring 2017 and subsequently appeared in print in the autumn of the same year ({{ISBN|9781910323878}}).[15] The new edition contains extended Translator's Notes explaining the Ancient Greek references of the original Greek text.[16] Further reading
References1. ^1 Jena Woodhouse, Lyacos: A "feast of all fruits"International Herald Tribune/Kathimerini English Edition, 4 May 2000 {{DEFAULTSORT:First Death}}2. ^1 The Journal of Modern Greek Studies,Volume 19, 2001/ Johns Hopkins University Press. Robert Zaller - Recent Translations from Shoestring Press. Tassos Denegris, Dimitris Lyacos, Dionysios Solomos. 3. ^Fran Mason, Historical Dictionary of postmodern Literature and Theater, Dimitris Lyacos pp. 276-77. Second Edition, Rowman and Littlefield 2016. 4. ^Revelation, 2:11, 20:6, 20:14 and 21:8. 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.gr/books?id=MhrRh6x4UQAC&pg=RA1-PA133&lpg=RA1PA133&dq=%22the+first+death%22+apocalypse&source=bl&ots=p1KS4VPCtM&sig=_BqtO49djpgL1lCJKIdYBxuXqpU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhwcD_qPnTAhXIkywKHdGrC1IQ6AEIJTAB#v=onepage&q=%22the+first+death%22+apocalypse&f=false|title=The Apocalypse Revealed: Wherein are Disclosed the Arcana There Foretold, which Have Hitherto Remained Concealed|first=Emanuel|last=Swedenborg|date=27 December 2018|publisher=Boston New Church Printing Society|via=Google Books}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.yourimpossiblevoice.com/review-the-first-death-poena-damni-by-dimitris-lyacos/|title=Review: The First Death (Poena Damni) by Dimitris Lyacos|date=9 October 2018|publisher=}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thewritingdisorder.com/nonfictionsullivan.html |title=NonFiction |publisher=The Writing Disorder |date= |accessdate=2013-07-27}} 8. ^The First Death, Poena Damni, Translated by Shorsha Sullivan, Shoestring Press, Nottingham 2000, page 32. 9. ^Section XII, line 7. Dimitris Lyacos. The First Death. First Edition, Translated by Shorsha Sullivan. Shoestring Press, Nottingham 2000 10. ^Bruce Lincoln, Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (University of Chicago Press, 1991), p. 186. 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cleavermagazine.com/poena-damni-trilogy-by-dimitris-lyacos-reviewed-by-justin-goodman/|title=Cleaver Magazine - POENA DAMNI TRILOGY by Dimitris Lyacos reviewed by Justin Goodman|first=|last=thwack|publisher=}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.gr/books?id=XA9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206&lpg=PT206&dq=dimitris+lyacos+postmodern&source=bl&ots=_tMteVbd0Y&sig=18IjAjY8pYa2bDDutlWCO5cZKvs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7teHY68bTAhWCfhoKHaD1BG8Q6AEIWjAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Philip Shaw, The Sublime. Chapter: The Sublime is Now, p. 176. Routledge 2017.|publisher=}} 13. ^Robert Zaller - Recent Translations from Shoestring Press.The Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 19, 2001/ Johns Hopkins University Press. 14. ^Bruno Rosada, The First Death. Characteristics of Dimitris Lyacos' poetry. Shoestring Press 2000. 15. ^http://www.shoestring-press.com/2017/10/the-first-death/ 16. ^Dimitris Lyacos, The First Death (Poena Damni vol. 3). Second Revised Edition. Translated by Shorsha Sullivan. Shoestring Press, Nottingham 2017. 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bitteroleander.com/|title=Book Publisher - Poetry & Short Fiction Publisher - Bitter Oleander Press|website=Book Publisher, Poetry & Short Fiction Publisher - Bitter Oleander Press}} 18. ^http://www.bitteroleander.com/editor.html 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://gulfcoastmag.org/|title=Gulf Coast: A Journal of Literature and Fine Arts|website=gulfcoastmag.org}} 4 : Postmodern novels|2000 novels|Greco-Roman mythology in popular culture|Greek novels |
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