| 词条 | Moissanite |
| 释义 |
| name = Moissanite | category = Mineral species | image = Moissanite-USGS-20-1001d-14x-.jpg | imagesize = 260px | caption = | formula = SiC | molweight = | strunz = 1.DA.05 | system = 6H polytype, most common: hexagonal | class = 6H polytype: dihexagonal pyramidal (6mm) H-M symbol: (6mm) | symmetry = 6H polytype: P63mc | color = Colorless, green, yellow | habit = Generally found as inclusions in other minerals | twinning = | cleavage = (0001) indistinct | fracture = Conchoidal – fractures developed in brittle materials characterized by smoothly curving surfaces, e.g., quartz | mohs = 9.5 | luster = Adamantine to metallic | refractive = nω=2.654 nε=2.967, Birefringence 0.313 (6H form) | opticalprop = | birefringence = | fluorescence= orange-red | pleochroism = | streak = greenish gray | gravity = 3.218–3.22 | melt = 2730 °C (decomposes) | fusibility = | diagnostic = | solubility = none | diaphaneity = transparent | other = Not radioactive, non-magnetic | references = [1][2][3] }} Moissanite ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔɪ|s|ən|aɪ|t}})[4] is naturally occurring silicon carbide and its various crystalline polymorphs. It has the chemical formula SiC and is a rare mineral, discovered by the French chemist Henri Moissan in 1893. Silicon carbide is useful for commercial and industrial applications due to its hardness, optical properties and thermal conductivity. Efforts to synthesize silicon carbide in a laboratory began in the early 1900s.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=February 2018}} BackgroundMineral moissanite was discovered by Henri Moissan while examining rock samples from a meteor crater located in Canyon Diablo, Arizona, in 1893. At first, he mistakenly identified the crystals as diamonds, but in 1904 he identified the crystals as silicon carbide.[5][6] Artificial silicon carbide had been synthesized in the lab by Edward G. Acheson just two years before Moissan's discovery.[7] The mineral form of silicon carbide was named moissanite in honor of Moissan later on in his life. The discovery in the Canyon Diablo meteorite and other places was challenged for a long time as carborundum contamination from man-made abrasive tools.[8] Geological occurrenceUntil the 1950s, no other source for moissanite than meteorites had been encountered. Then, in 1958, moissanite was found in the Green River Formation in Wyoming and, the following year, as inclusions in kimberlite from a diamond mine in Yakutia.[9] Yet the existence of moissanite in nature was questioned as late as 1986 by the American geologist Charles Milton.[10] Moissanite, in its natural form, remains very rare. It has been discovered only in a few rocks, from upper mantle rock to meteorites. Discoveries show that it occurs naturally as inclusions in diamonds, xenoliths, and such ultramafic rocks as kimberlite and lamproite.[8] It has also been identified as presolar grains in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.[11] MeteoritesAnalysis of silicon carbide grains found in the Murchison meteorite has revealed anomalous isotopic ratios of carbon and silicon, indicating an origin from outside the solar system.[12] 99% of these silicon carbide grains originate around carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars. Silicon carbide is commonly found around these stars, as deduced from their infrared spectra.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} SourcesAll applications of silicon carbide today use synthetic material, as the natural material is very scarce. Silicon carbide was first synthesized by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who is best known for his discovery of silicon.[13] Years later, Edward Goodrich Acheson produced viable minerals that could substitute for diamond as an abrasive and cutting material. This was possible, as moissanite is one of the hardest substances known, with a hardness below that of diamond and comparable with those of cubic boron nitride and boron. Pure synthetic moissanite can be made from thermal decomposition of the preceramic polymer poly(methylsilyne), requiring no binding matrix, e.g., cobalt metal powder. Physical properties{{main article|Silicon carbide}}The crystalline structure is held together with strong covalent bonding similar to diamonds,[5] that allows moissanite to withstand high pressures up to 52.1 gigapascals.[5][14] Colors vary widely and are graded from D to K range on the diamond color grading scale.[15] Applications{{main article|Silicon carbide#Uses}}Moissanite was introduced to the jewelry market in 1998 after Charles & Colvard, formerly known as C3 Inc., received patents to create and market lab-grown silicon carbide gemstones, becoming the first firm to do so. Charles & Colvard currently makes and distributes moissanite jewelry and loose gems under the trademarks Forever One, Forever Brilliant and Forever Classic.[16] Other manufacturers market silicon carbide gemstones under trademarked names such as Amora and Berzelian. Moissanite is regarded as a diamond alternative, with some optical properties exceeding those of diamond. Its lower price and less exploitative mining practices necessary to obtain it make it a popular alternative to diamonds. Due in part to the similar thermal conductivity of moissanite and diamond, it is a popular target for scams; however, higher electrical conductivity and birefringence of moissanite may alert a buyer to fraud. In addition, thermochromism is exhibited in moissanite, such that heating it gradually will cause it to change color starting at around {{convert|65|C|abbr=on|-1}}. This color change can be diagnostic for distinguishing diamond from moissanite, although birefringence and electrical conductivity differential are more practical diagnostic differentiators.[17] On the Mohs scale of mineral hardness it is a 9.5, with a diamond being a 10.[3] In many developed countries, the use of moissanite in jewelry was controlled by the patents held by Charles & Colvard; these patents expired in August 2015 for the United States, and in 2016 in most other countries except Mexico, where it remained under patent until 2018.[18][19][20] Because of its hardness, it can be used in high-pressure experiments, as a replacement for diamond (see diamond anvil cell).[5] Since large diamonds are usually too expensive to be used as anvils, synthetic moissanite is more often used in large-volume experiments. Synthetic moissanite is also interesting for electronic and thermal applications because its thermal conductivity is similar to that of diamonds.[14] High power silicon carbide electronic devices are expected to find use in the design of protection circuits used for motors, actuators, and energy storage or pulse power systems.[21] It also exhibits thermoluminescence,[22] making it useful in radiation dosimetry.[23] See also
References1. ^Moissanite. Webmineral 2. ^Moissanite. Mindat 3. ^1 Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. and Nichols, Monte C. (eds.) "Moissanite". Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America 4. ^{{OED|Moissanite}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|author = Xu J. |author2=Mao H. |last-author-amp=yes |date = 2000| title = Moissanite: A window for high-pressure experiments|journal = Science|volume = 290| pages = 783–787|doi = 10.1126/science.290.5492.783|pmid=11052937|issue=5492|bibcode = 2000Sci...290..783X }} 6. ^{{cite journal|author = Moissan, Henri |title = Nouvelles recherches sur la météorité de Cañon Diablo|date = 1904|journal = Comptes rendus|volume = 139| pages = 773–786| url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30930/f773.table}} 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Kady|title=History and Applications of Silicon Carbide|url=http://blog.moissaniteco.com/history-and-applications-of-silicon-carbide/|publisher=Moissanite & Co|accessdate=2 February 2016}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|author = Di Pierro S. |display-authors=4 |author2= Gnos E. |author3=Grobety B.H. |author4=Armbruster T. |author5=Bernasconi S.M. |author6=Ulmer P. |last-author-amp=yes |date = 2003|title = Rock-forming moissanite (natural α-silicon carbide)|journal = American Mineralogist|volume = 88|issue=11–12 |pages = 1817–1821|url = http://www.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/georef/2004018181|bibcode=2003AmMin..88.1817D|doi=10.2138/am-2003-11-1223}} 9. ^{{cite journal|journal = American Mineralogist|volume =48|pages = 620–634|date = 1963|title = Natural α–Silicon Carbide|author = Bauer, J.|author2=Fiala, J. |author3=Hřichová, R. |url=http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/arc/moissanite.htm}} 10. ^{{cite journal|journal = American Mineralogist|volume =79|pages = 190–192|date = 1994|title = Memorial of Charles Milton April 25, 1896 – October 1990|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM79/AM79_190.pdf|author = Belkin, H. E. |author2=Dwornik, E. J. }} 11. ^{{cite journal|author = Yokoyama, T. | author2=Rai, V. K. | author3=Alexander, C. M. O’D. | author4=Lewis, R. S. | author5=Carlson, R. W. | author6=Shirey, S. B. | author7=Thiemens, M. H. | author8=Walker, R. J. |title = Nucleosynthetic Os Isotopic Anomalies in Carbonaceous Chondrites|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/1151.pdf|journal = 38th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |date=March 2007}} 12. ^Kelly, Jim. The Astrophysical Nature of Silicon Carbide. chem.ucl.ac.uk 13. ^{{cite book| author = Saddow S.E. |author2=Agarwal A. |last-author-amp=yes |date = 2004| title = Advances in Silicon Carbide Processing an Applications|publisher = Artech House Inc.|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2jSPO_JtQwEC|isbn = 978-1-58053-740-7}} 14. ^1 {{cite journal|author = Zhang J. |display-authors=4 |author2= Wang L. |author3=Weidner D.J. |author4=Uchida T. |author5=Xu J. |last-author-amp=yes |date = 2002| title = The strength of moissanite |journal = American Mineralogist|volume = 87|issue=7 | pages = 1005–1008 |url = http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/toc/Abstracts/2002_Abstracts/July02_Abstracts/Zhang_p1005_02.pdf|bibcode=2002AmMin..87.1005Z|doi=10.2138/am-2002-0725}} 15. ^{{cite book| author = Read P.|date = 2005| title = Gemmology |publisher = Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann| place = Massachusetts|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t-OQO3Wk-JsC| isbn = 978-0-7506-6449-3}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Moissanite Rights|url=http://www.professionaljeweler.com/archives/articles/1998/may98/0598press1.html|publisher=Professional Jeweler Magazine|accessdate=24 October 2012|date=May 1998}} 17. ^Diamond Look-Alike Comparison Chart. International Gem Society 18. ^Hunter, Charles Eric and Verbiest, Dirk (1995-08-31) {{US Patent|5762896}} "Single crystal gems hardness, refractive index, polishing and crystallization " 19. ^Hunter, Charles Eric and Verbiest, Dirk (1995-08-31) {{US Patent|5723391}} "Silicon carbide gemstones" 20. ^{{cite web|title=Moissanite Gem Patent Restrictions by Country and Year of Expiration|url=http://betterthandiamond.com/pages/Moissanite-Gem-Patent-restrictions-by-country-and-year-of-expiration.html|work=BetterThanDiamond}} 21. ^{{cite journal|last=Bhatnagar|first=M.|author2=Baliga, B.J.|title=Comparison of 6H-SiC, 3C-SiC, and Si for power devices|journal=IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices|date=1993|volume=40|issue=3|pages=645–655|doi=10.1109/16.199372 |bibcode = 1993ITED...40..645B }} 22. ^{{cite journal|last1=Godfrey-Smith|first1=D.I.|title=Applicability of moissanite, a monocrystalline form of silicon carbide,to retrospective and forensic dosimetry|journal=Radiation Measurements|date=Aug 1, 2006|volume=Volume 41|issue=7|url=https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/applicability-of-moissanite-a-monocrystalline-form-of-silicon-carbide-Uaw0AcXWN0|accessdate=23 December 2017}} 23. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bruzzia|first1=M.|last2=Navab|first2=F.|last3=Piniac|first3=S.|last4=Russoc|first4=S.|title=High quality SiC applications in radiation dosimetry|journal=Applied Surface Science|date=12 December 2001|volume=Volume 184|issue=1–4|pages=Pages 425–430|doi=10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00528-1|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433201005281|accessdate=23 December 2017|bibcode=2001ApSS..184..425B}} Further reading{{commons category|Moissanite}}
4 : Meteorite minerals|Carbide minerals|Hexagonal minerals|Native element minerals |
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