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词条 Moldovan language
释义

  1. History and politics

      Reversion to Latin script, and beyond  

  2. Controversy

  3. Orthography

  4. Phonology

     Consonants  Vowels  Distinguishing features  Phonotactics 

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

{{Lead too long|date=April 2017}}{{Infobox language
| name = Moldovan
|altname = Moldavian
|nativename = Limba moldovenească (in Latin alphabet)
лимба молдовеняскэ (in Cyrillic alphabet)
|pronunciation = {{IPA-ro|liɲɟa moldoʝenʲaskɨ|||mol}}{{Fix|text=lacks stress|date=May 2018}}{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
| fam1 = Indo-European
| fam2 = Italic
| fam3 = Romance
| fam4 = Eastern Romance
| fam5 = Romanian
| familycolor = Indo-European
| state = Moldova
| script = Latin (Moldova)
Cyrillic (Transnistria)
| nation = {{plainlist|
  • {{flag|Moldova}}
  • {{flag|Transnistria}}}}

| minority = {{plainlist|
  • {{flag|Ukraine}}}}

| iso1 = mo
| iso1comment = (retired)
| iso2 = mol
| iso2comment = (retired)
| iso3 = mol
| iso3comment = (retired)
| ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}}
| glotto=mold1248
| glottoname=Moldavian
}}{{Eastern Romance languages}}

Moldovan (also Moldavian; {{lang|ro|limba moldovenească}}, or лимба молдовеняскэ in Moldovan Cyrillic) is one of the two names of the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova,[1][2] prescribed by Article 13 of the current constitution;[3] the other name, recognized by the Declaration of Independence of Moldova and the Constitutional Court, is "Romanian".

At the official level, the Constitutional Court interpreted in 2013 that Article 13 of the current constitution is superseded by the Declaration of Independence,[4] thus giving official status to the language name 'Romanian.'[5][6]

The language of the Moldovans has been historically identified by both terms. However, during the years of domination by the Soviet Union, Moldovan, or as it was called at the time, "Moldavian," was the only term officially recognized when Moldova was known as the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic. Soviet policy emphasized distinctions between "Moldavians" and Romanians due to their different histories. Its resolution declared Moldavian a distinct Romance language independent of Romanian. Since the reintroduction of the Latin script in 1989,[7] the 1991 Declaration of Independence of Moldova identified the official language as "Romanian", while the 1994 Constitution used the term "Moldovan".

The status of the official language was further legislated in the early 2000s. The Parliament of the Republic of Moldova adopted a law defining "Moldovan" and "Romanian" as designations for the same language (glottonyms).[8] In 2013, the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the name "Romanian", as used in the Declaration of Independence to identify the official language, prevails over the name "Moldovan", given in Article 13 of the Constitution.[4]

The breakaway region of Transnistria continues to recognize "Moldovan" as one of its official languages, along with Russian and Ukrainian.[9]

In the general population, while a majority of the inhabitants in the capital city of Chișinău[10] and, according to surveys, people with higher education[11] call their language "Romanian", most rural residents indicated "Moldovan" as their native language in the last census.[10]

The variety of Romanian spoken in Moldova is the Moldavian subdialect, which is also spoken in northeastern Romania. The two countries share the same literary standard.[12][13]

The word "Moldavian" is also used to refer collectively to the north-eastern varieties of spoken Romanian, spread approximately within the territory of the former Principality of Moldavia (now split between Moldova, Romania and Ukraine). The Moldavian variety is considered one of the five major spoken varieties of Romanian. All five are written identically. There is no particular linguistic break at the Prut River, the border between Romania and Moldova.

In schools in Moldova, the term "Romanian language" has been used since independence. In 2007, Moldovan president Vladimir Voronin asked for the term to be changed to "Moldovan language", but due to public pressure against that choice, the term was not changed.[14]

The standard alphabet is equivalent to the Romanian alphabet (based on the Latin alphabet). Until 1918, varieties of the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet were used. The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (derived from the Russian alphabet and standardised in the Soviet Union) was used in 1924–1932 and 1938–89, and remains in use in Transnistria.[15]

History and politics

The history of the Moldovan language refers to the historical evolution of the glottonym Moldavian/Moldovan in Moldova and beyond. It is closely tied to the region's political status, as during long periods of rule by Russia and the Soviet Union, officials emphasized the language's name as part of separating the Moldovans from those people who began to identify as Romanian in a different nation-building process. Cyrillic script was in use. From a linguistic perspective, "Moldovan" is an alternative name for the varieties of the Romanian language spoken in the Republic of Moldova (see History of the Romanian language).

Before 1918, during the period between the wars, and after the union of Bessarabia with Romania, scholars did not have consensus that Moldovans and the Romanians formed a single ethnic group.{{sfn|King|2000|pp=57–59}} The Moldovan peasants had grown up in a different political entity and missed the years of creating a pan-Romanian national political consciousness. They identified as Moldovans speaking the language "Moldovan." This caused reactions from pan-Romanian nationalists.{{sfn|King|1999|p=120}} The concept of the distinction of Moldovan from Romanian was explicitly stated only in the early 20th century. It accompanied the raising of national awareness among Moldovans, with the Soviets emphasizing distinctions between Moldavians and Romanians.[16]

Major developments since the fall of the Soviet Union include resuming use of a Latin script rather than Cyrillic letters in 1989, and several changes in the statutory name of the official language used in Moldova. At one point of particular confusion about identity in the 1990s, all references to geography in the name of the language were dropped, and it was officially known simply as {{lang|ro|limba de stat}} — "the state language".

Moldovan was assigned the code mo in ISO 639-1 and code mol in ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3.[17] Since November 2008, these have been deprecated, leaving ro and ron (639-2/T) and rum (639-2/B), the language identifiers {{as of | 2013 | lc = on}} to be used for the variant of the Romanian language also known as Moldavian and Moldovan in English, the ISO 639-2 Registration Authority said in explaining the decision.[18][19]

Reversion to Latin script, and beyond

In 1989 the contemporary Romanian version of the Latin alphabet was adopted as the official script of the Moldavian SSR.

The Declaration of Independence[20] of Moldova (27 August 1991) named the official language as "Romanian." The 1994 constitution, passed under a Communist government, declared "Moldovan" as the state language.

When in 1992 the Romanian Academy changed the official orthography of the Romanian language, the Institute of Linguistics at the Academy of Sciences of Moldova did not initially make these changes, which however have since been adopted.

In 1996 the Moldovan president Mircea Snegur attempted to change the official name of the language back to "Romanian"; the Moldovan Parliament, Communist-dominated, dismissed the proposal as promoting "Romanian expansionism."

In 2003, a Moldovan–Romanian dictionary (Dicționar Moldovenesc–Românesc (2003)) by Vasile Stati was published aiming to prove that there existed two distinct languages. Reacting to this, linguists of the Romanian Academy in Romania declared that all the Moldovan words are also Romanian words, although some of its contents are disputed as being Russian loanwords. In Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences' Institute of Linguistics, {{Interlanguage link multi|Ion Bărbuță|ro}}, described the dictionary as "an absurdity, serving political purposes". Stati, however, accused both of promoting "Romanian colonialism". At that point, a group of Romanian linguists adopted a resolution stating that promotion of the notion of a distinct Moldovan language is an anti-scientific campaign.[21]

In the 2004 census, 16.5% (558,508) of the 3,383,332 people living in Moldova declared Romanian as their native language, whereas 60% declared Moldovan. Most of the latter responses were from rural populations. While the majority of the population in the capital city of Chișinău gave their language as "Romanian", in the countryside more than six-sevenths of the Romanian/Moldovan speakers indicated "Moldovan" as their native language, reflecting historic conservatism.[22]

In December 2013, the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the Declaration of Independence takes precedence over the Constitution, and that the state language should be called Romanian.[23]

As of March 2017, the presidential website under Igor Dodon has seen the Romanian language option changed to "Moldovan", which is described to be "in accordance with the constitution" by said president.[24]

Controversy

{{Main|Controversy over national identity in Moldova}}{{See also|Moldovenism}}

The matter of whether or not "Moldovan" is a separate language continues to be contested politically within and beyond the Republic of Moldova. The 1989 Language Law of the Moldavian SSR, which is still in effect in Moldova, according to the Constitution,[25] asserts a "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity".[7] Article 13 of the Moldovan Constitution names it "the national language of the country" (the original uses the phrase {{lang|ro|limba de stat}}, which literally means the language of the state).

In the breakaway region of Transnistria, Moldovan is declared an official language, together with Ukrainian and Russian.

Standard "Moldovan" is widely considered to be identical to the standard Romanian.[26] Writing about "essential differences", Vasile Stati, supporter of Moldovenism, is obliged to concentrate almost exclusively on lexical rather than grammatical differences. Whatever language distinctions may once have existed, these have been decreasing rather than increasing. King wrote in 2000 that "in the main, Moldovan in its standard form was more Romanian by the 1980s than at any point in its history".[27]

In 2002, the Moldovan Minister of Justice Ion Morei said that Romanian and Moldovan were the same language and that the Constitution of Moldova should be amended to reflect this—not by substituting "Romanian" for the word "Moldovan", but by adding that "Romanian and Moldovan are the same language".[28] The education minister {{Interlanguage link multi|Valentin Beniuc|ro}} said: "I have stated more than once that the notion of a Moldovan language and a Romanian language reflects the same linguistic phenomenon in essence."[29] The President of Moldova Vladimir Voronin acknowledged that the two languages are identical, but said that Moldovans should have the right to call their language "Moldovan".[30]

In the 2004 census, of the 3.38 million people living in Moldova, 60% identified Moldovan as their native language; 16.5% chose Romanian. While 37% of all urban Romanian/Moldovan speakers identified Romanian as their native language, in the countryside 86% of the Romanian/Moldovan speakers indicated Moldovan, a historic holdover.[22] Independent studies found a Moldovan linguistic identity asserted in particular by the rural population and post-Soviet political class.[31] In a survey conducted in four villages near the border with Romania, when asked about their native language the interviewees identified the following: Moldovan 53%, Romanian 44%, Russian 3%.[32]

When reporting on EU Council deliberations regarding an agreement between the European Community and Moldova, the Romanian reporter Jean Marin Marinescu included a recommendation to avoid formal references to the 'Moldovan language.'[33] The Romanian press speculated that the EU banned the usage of the phrase "Moldovan language".[34] However, the European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, Benita Ferrero-Waldner, denied these allegations. She said that the Moldovan language is referred to in the 1998 Cooperation Agreement between the EU and Moldova, and hence it is considered a part of the acquis, binding to all member states.[35]

Orthography

{{See also|Romanian alphabet|Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet}}

The language was generally written in a Romanian Cyrillic alphabet (based on the Old Church Slavonic alphabet) before the 19th century. Both Old Cyrillic and Latin were used until World War I, at which point the Old Cyrillic alphabet fell out of use. In the interwar period, Soviet authorities in the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic alternately used Latin or Cyrillic for writing the language, mirroring the political goals of the moment. Between 1940 and 1989, i.e., during Soviet rule, the new Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet replaced Latin as the official alphabet in Moldova (then Moldavian SSR).[36] In 1989, the Latin script was once again adopted in Moldova by Law 3462 of 31 August 1989, which provided rules for transliterating Cyrillic to Latin, along with the orthographic rules used in Romania at the time. Transnistria, however, still uses the Cyrillic alphabet.[9]

Though not immediately adopting these, the Academy of Sciences of Moldova acknowledged both the Romanian Academy's decision of 1993 and the orthographic reform of 2005.[37] In 2000, the Moldovan Academy recommended adopting the spelling rules used in Romania,[38] and in 2010 launched a schedule for the transition to the new rules that was completed in 2011 (regarding publications).[39] However, these changes were not implemented by Moldova's Ministry of Education, so the old orthographic conventions were maintained in the education sector such as in school textbooks.

On 17 October 2016, Minister of Education Corina Fusu signed Order No. 872 on the application of the revised spelling rules as adopted by the Moldovan Academy of Sciences, coming into force on the day of signing.[40] Since then the spelling used by institutions subordinated to the Ministry of Education is in line with the spelling norms used in Romania since 1993. This order, however, has no application to other government institutions, nor has Law 3462 been amended to reflect these changes; thus, those institutions continue to use the old spelling.

The choice of alphabet is a factor in calling the language "Moldovan" or "Romanian", with the Cyrillic alphabet associated with the term "Moldovan" and Latin alphabet with "Romanian", which somewhat parallels the usage of "Serbian" in the former Yugoslavia to refer to the standard Serbo-Croatian language written in Cyrillic. This is especially since Moldova has been slowly adopting Romanian spelling reforms and conventions with its Latin script, and Transnistria continues to use the Cyrillic alphabet and call the language "Moldovan".

Phonology

Consonants

Moldovan consonant phonemes
LabialAlveolarPalato-AlveolarPalatalVelar
hardsofthardsofthardsoft
Nasalm}} {{angbr|м}}-мь}}n}} {{angbr|н}}-нь}}ɲ}} {{angbr|м(и,е,а)}}
Plosiveunvoicedp}} {{angbr|п}}-пь}}t}} {{angbr|т}}-ть}}c}} {{angbr|п(и,е,а)}}k}} {{angbr|к}}-кь}}
voicedb}} {{angbr|б}}-бь}}d}} {{angbr|д}}-дь}}ɟ}} {{angbr|б(и,е,а)}}g}} {{angbr|г}}-гь}}
Affricateunvoicedt͡s}} {{angbr|ц}}-ць}}t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|ч}}
voicedd͡z}} {{angbr|дз}}{{IPAlink|ʒ}} {{angbr|ӂ,ж}}
Fricativevoicedv}} {{angbr|в}}-вь}}z}} {{angbr|з}}-зь}}ʝ}} {{angbr|в(и,е,а)}}
unvoicedf}} {{angbr|ф}}-фь}}s}} {{angbr|с}}-сь}}ʃ}} {{angbr|ш}}ç}} {{angbr|ф(и,е,а)}}{{IPAlink|x}} {{angbr|х}}xʲ {{angbr|-хь}}
Approximant{{IPAlink|w}} {{angbr|ў,у}}r}} {{angbr|р}}-рь}}{{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|й,и}}
l}} {{angbr|л}}-ль}}

Vowels

Moldovan vowel phonemes
FrontCentralBack
Closei}} {{angbr|и}}ɨ}} {{angbr|ы,-э}}u}} {{angbr|у}}
Mide}} {{angbr|е}}ə}} {{angbr|э}}o}} {{angbr|о}}
Open{{IPAlink|a}} {{angbr|а}}

Distinguishing features

{{main article|Moldavian dialect#Phonetic features}}

Phonotactics

Syllable structure:

See also

{{Portal|Moldova|Romania|Language|Linguistics|Politics|International relations}}{{commons category|Moldovan language}}
  • Eastern Romance substratum
  • Legacy of the Roman Empire
  • Origin of the Romanians
  • Moldovenism
  • Moldovan–Romanian dictionary
  • Moldova–Romania relations
  • Romanian language
  • Romance languages
  • Thraco-Roman
  • The Balkan language area
  • Varieties of the Romanian language

Notes

1. ^{{harvnb|Kogan Page|2004|p=242}}
2. ^"A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe – Spot that language and how to tell them apart"
3. ^{{ro icon}} "Article 13, line 1 – of Constitution of Republic of Moldova" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226205217/http://gov.md/content/ro/0000072.pdf |date=2008-02-26 }}
4. ^1 {{cite news | title = Hotărâre Nr. 36 din 05.12.2013 privind interpretarea articolului 13 alin. (1) din Constituție în corelație cu Preambulul Constituției și Declarația de Independență a Republicii Moldova (Sesizările nr. 8b/2013 și 41b/2013) | work = | pages = | publisher = Constitutional Court of Moldova | date = | quote = 124. [...] Prin urmare, Curtea consideră că prevederea conținută în Declarația de Independență referitoare la limba română ca limbă de stat a Republicii Moldova prevalează asupra prevederii referitoare la limba moldovenească conținute în articolul 13 al Constituției. | language = Romanian | url = http://constcourt.md/download.php?file=cHVibGljL2NjZG9jL2hvdGFyaXJpL3JvLWhfMzZfMjAxM19yby5wZGY%3D | accessdate = 2013-12-20 }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/12/05/moldovan-court-rules-official-language-is-romanian-replacing-soviet-flavored/|title=Moldovan court rules official language is 'Romanian,' replacing Soviet-flavored 'Moldovan'|accessdate=2014-03-11}}
6. ^{{cite web | url =http://www.rferl.org/content/moldova-romanian-official-language/25191455.html| title=Chisinau Recognizes Romanian As Official Language|accessdate=2014-03-11}}
7. ^1 {{ro icon}} Legea cu privire la funcționarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenești nr. 3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr. 9/217, 1989 (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): "Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the really existing linguistical Moldo-Romanian identity — of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their mother tongue."
8. ^{{cite web|title=Politics of National Conception of Moldova|work= Law No. 546/12-19-2003 |url=http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=312846|accessdate=2014-03-10|language=Romanian}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.kspmr.idknet.com/eng/k_I.htm|title=Article 12 of the Constitution of Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika|work=kspmr.idknet.com|date=24 December 1995|accessdate=14 July 2016}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|format=XLS|url=http://www.statistica.md/public/files/Recensamint/Recensamintul_populatiei/vol_1/8_Nation_Limba_vorbita__materna_ro.xls|title=Population by main nationalities, mother tongue and language usually spoken, 2004|work=National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova|accessdate=14 July 2016}}
11. ^CBS AXA/IPP nov. 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214193454/http://www.ipp.md/public/files/Barometru/BOP_11.2012_prima_parte.pdf |date=2013-12-14 }}
12. ^*James Minahan, Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1989, p. 276*{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mdtoc.html#md0027 |title=The Library of Congress – Moldova, Country Study |accessdate=2008-06-03}}*{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~libslav/slavcatman/langcode.html |title=Encyclopædia Britannica (via www.indiana.edu) |accessdate=2008-06-03}}*{{cite web |url= http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol11num1_2/constitutionwatch/moldova.html |title= A country-by-country update on constitutional politics in Eastern Europe and the ex-USSR |work= NYU LAW |volume= 11, No.1-2 |date= |accessdate= 2008-06-03 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071113224009/http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol11num1_2/constitutionwatch/moldova.html |archivedate= 2007-11-13 |df= }}*{{cite web |url=http://www.jmu.edu/orgs/romanian/moldova1.htm |title=The Sovietization of Moldova |accessdate=2008-06-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327035249/http://www.jmu.edu/orgs/romanian/moldova1.htm |archivedate=2008-03-27 |df= }}*{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Moldova |title=Ethnologue, data on Moldova |accessdate=2008-06-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409200226/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Moldova |archivedate=2008-04-09 |df= }}*{{cite web |url=http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/kokkalis/GSW5/anderson.pdf |format=PDF |title=Disillusionment with Democracy: Notes from the Field in Moldova |accessdate=2008-06-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913025352/http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/kokkalis/GSW5/anderson.pdf |archivedate=2006-09-13 |df= }}*{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/moldovan.shtml |title=BBC on the Moldovan language}}
13. ^{{ru icon}} Л. И. Лухт, Б. П. Нарумов. Румынский язык // Языки мира. Романские языки. М., Academia, Институт языкознания РАН, 2001
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.moldova.org/professors-from-the-university-of-balti-protest-against-replacing-romanian-language-with-moldovan-language-81780-eng/ |title=Professors from the University of Balti protest against replacing "Romanian language" with "Moldovan language" |work=DECA-Press |publisher=moldova.org |date=2007-12-18 |accessdate=2015-10-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20151016045349/http://www.moldova.org/professors-from-the-university-of-balti-protest-against-replacing-romanian-language-with-moldovan-language-81780-eng/ |archivedate=2015-10-16 |df= }}
15. ^Denis Deletant, Slavonic Letters in Moldova, Wallachia & Transylvania from the Tenth to the Seventeenth Centuries, Ed. Enciclopedicӑ, Bucharest, 1991
16. ^Library of the US Congress Country Study, Moldova – Language, Religion and Culture – Language: "Stalin justified the creation of the Moldavian SSR by claiming that a distinct 'Moldavian' language was an indicator that 'Moldavians' were a separate nationality from the Romanians in Romania. In order to give greater credence to this claim, in 1940 Stalin imposed the Cyrillic alphabet on 'Moldavian' to make it look more like Russian and less like Romanian; archaic Romanian words of Slavic origin were imposed on "Moldavian"; Russian loanwords and phrases were added to 'Moldavian'; and a new theory was advanced that "Moldavian" was at least partially Slavic in origin. (Romanian is a Romance language descended from Latin.) In 1949 Moldavian citizens were publicly reprimanded in a journal for daring to express themselves in literary Romanian. The Soviet government continued this type of behavior for decades. Proper names in Moldova were subjected to Russianization as well. Russian endings were added to purely Romanian names, and individuals were referred to in the Russian manner by using a patronymic (based on one's father's first name) as a middle name."
17. ^SIL International: ISO 639 code sets: Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: mol
18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_changes.php |title=Code Changes: ISO 639-2 Registration Authority |publisher=US Library of Congress |quote=The identifiers mo and mol are deprecated, leaving ro and ron (639-2/T) and rum (639-2/B) the current language identifiers to be used for the variant of the Romanian language also known as Moldavian and Moldovan in English and moldave in French. The identifiers mo and mol will not be assigned to different items, and recordings using these identifiers will not be invalid}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.alvestrand.no/pipermail/ietf-languages/2008-November/008635.html |title=ISO 639 JAC decision re mo/mol |publisher=www.alvestrand.no |accessdate=2011-02-26}}
20. ^{{cite web|format=DOC|url=http://www.europa.md/upload/File/alte_documente/Declaratia%20de%20Independenta%20a%20Republicii%20Moldova%202(1).doc|title=Declaratia de Independenta a Republicii Moldova|trans-title=Moldovan Declaration of Independence|language=ro|publisher=europa.md|date=27 August 1991|deadurl=unfit|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305220335/http://www.europa.md/upload/File/alte_documente/Declaratia%20de%20Independenta%20a%20Republicii%20Moldova%202(1).doc|archivedate=5 March 2009}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ziare.ro/articol.php?id=1193864896 |title=Ziare.ro – Linguists condemn "Moldovan language" |accessdate=2007-11-10 |language=ro}}
22. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=263&id=2208|title=2004 Population Census|work=National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova|accessdate=14 July 2016}}
23. ^"Moldovan court rules official language is 'Romanian,' replacing Soviet-flavored 'Moldovan'", Fox News, 5 December 2013.
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.presedinte.md/rom|title=Preşedinţia Republicii Moldova|accessdate=24 January 2017|ref=ROMD}}
25. ^Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, Title 7, Article 7 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208223502/http://www.parlament.md/law/constitution/t7/ |date=2006-02-08 }}: "The law of 1 September 1989 regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova remains valid, excepting the points where it contradicts this constitution."
26. ^Kogan Page 2004, p 291 ; IHT {{clarify|date=March 2013}}, 16 June 2000, p. 2 ; Dyer 1999, 2005
27. ^{{harvnb|King|2000}}
28. ^Ion Morei: "The Moldovan language is identical to the Romanian language", Moldova Azi, 10 September 2002
29. ^{{ro icon}} Din nou fără burse {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311131712/http://www.jurnal.md/articol.php?id=1708&editie=283 |date=2007-03-11 }}, Jurnal de Chișinău, 25 May 2004
30. ^{{ro icon}} Mediafax interview{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
31. ^{{harvnb|Ciscel|2008|p=104}}
32. ^{{harvnb|Arambașa|2008|pp=358, 364}}
33. ^{{cite web|format=DOC |first=Marian-Jean |last=Marinescu |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A6-2007-0427+0+DOC+WORD+V0//EN |title=Report on the proposal for a Council decision concerning the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Community and Republic of Moldova on the readmission of persons residing without authorisation |publisher=European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs |date=7 November 2007 |accessdate=14 July 2016}}
34. ^{{ro icon}} "Orban a eliminat "limba moldovenească" de pe site-ul Comisiei Europene" {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071202010520/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/orban-a-eliminat-limba-moldoveneasca-de-pe-site-ul-comisiei-europene/329489 |date=2007-12-02 }}
35. ^Answer given by Mrs Ferrero-Waldner on behalf of the Commission, December 19, 2007
36. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=yiObBPPjXbYC&pg=PA95&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0&sig=18KrKKRvIs7weBHod_lgv_llcc0 "Language policy in the Soviet Union"] Grenoble 2003, pp. 89–93
37. ^„La solicitarea Consiliului Științific al Institutului de Filologie al Academiei de Științe a Moldovei din 24 noiembrie 2009 și în conformitate cu Hotărârea Adunării Generale a Academiei Române din 17 februarie 1993, privind revenirea la â și sunt în grafia limbii române, Consiliul Suprem pentru Știință și Dezvoltare Tehnologică, întrunit în ziua de 25 decembrie 2009, a hotărât să se adreseze Parlamentului Republicii Moldova cu rugămintea de a lua o hotărâre în problema revenirii în grafia limbii române la utilizarea lui â în interiorul cuvintelor, a formei sunt (suntem, sunteți) și la normele ortografice cuprinse în Dicționarul ortografic, ortoepic și morfologic al limbii române (DOOM, ediția a II-a, București, 2005).” Modificări în ortografia limbii române, nr. 1(16), martie 2010
38. ^The new edition of Dicționarul ortografic al limbii române (ortoepic, morfologic, cu norme de punctuație) [The orthographic dictionary of the Romanian language (orthoepic, morphological, with punctuation rules)] – introduced by the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and recommended for publishing following a conference on 15 November 2000 – applies the decision of the General Meeting of the Romanian Academy from 17 February 1993, regarding the return to "â" and "sunt" in the orthography of the Romanian language. (Introduction, Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova)
39. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.allmoldova.md/ro/int/interview/gheorghe-duca-060410.html |title=Gheorghe Duca: Trebuie schimbată atitudinea de sorginte proletară față de savanți și în genere față de intelectuali |date=4 June 2010 |accessdate=3 January 2011 |language=Romanian |publisher=Allmoldova |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170555/http://www.allmoldova.md/ro/int/interview/gheorghe-duca-060410.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all}}
40. ^{{cite web| url= http://mecc.gov.md/ro/content/normele-ortografice-ale-scrierii-lui-si-sunt-grafia-limbii-romane-obligatorii-institutiile |title=Normele ortografice ale scrierii lui ”â” și ”sunt” în grafia limbii române – obligatorii în instituțiile de învățământ |trans-title=The orthographic norms of "â" and "sunt" in the Romanian language - mandatory in educational institutions |language=ro |website=Moldovan Ministry of Education, Culture and Research |date=2016-10-18}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

References

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Arambașa|first=Mihaela Narcisa|title=Everyday life on the eastern border of the EU – between Romanianism and Moldovanism in the border area of the Republic of Moldova and Romania|journal=South-East Europe Review|year=2008|issue=3|pages=355–369|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Ciscel|first=Matthew H.|editor-first=Aneta|editor-last=Pavlenko|title=Multilingualism in post-Soviet countries|chapter=Uneasy Compromise: Language and Education in Moldova|year=2008|pages=99–121|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Dyer|first=Donald Leroy|title=The Romanian Dialect of Moldova: A Study in Language and Politics|location=Lewiston, NY|year=1999|isbn=0-7734-8037-4|publisher=E. Mellen}}
  • {{cite book|last=Dyer|first=Donald Leroy|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press (East European Monographs)|year=1996|isbn=0-88033-351-0|title=Studies in Moldovan : the history, culture, language and contemporary politics of the people of Moldova}}
  • {{cite book|last=Dumbrava|first=V.|title=Sprachkonflikt und Sprachbewusstsein in der Republik Moldova: Eine empirische Studie in gemischtethnischen Familien (Sprache, Mehrsprachigkeit und sozialer Wandel)|location=Bern|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2004|isbn=3-631-50728-3}}
  • {{cite journal|last=King|first=Charles|title=The Ambivalence of Authenticity, or How the Moldovan Language Was Made|journal=Slavic Review|volume=58|issue=1|year=1999|pages=117–142|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2672992}}
  • {{cite book|last=King|first=Charles|title=The Moldovans: Romania, Russia and the Politics of Culture|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8179-9792-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldBFWtuv8DQC&printsec=frontcover|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Grenoble|first=Lenore A.|title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union|publisher=Springer|year=2003|isbn=1-4020-1298-5}}
  • {{cite book|title=Istoria României|publisher=Corint|year=2004|isbn=973-653-514-2|author1=M. Bărbulescu |author2=D. Deletant |author3=K. Hitchins |author4=S. Papacostea |author5=P. Teodor }}
  • {{cite book|title=Europe Review 2003/2004|year=2004|publisher=Kogan Page}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Movileanu|first=N.|title=Din istoria Transnistriei (1924–1940)|work=Revista de istorie a Moldovei|year=1993|issue=#2}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Negru|first=E.|title=Introducerea si interzicerea grafiei latine in R.A.S.S.M.|year=1999|work=Revista de istorie a Moldovei|issue=#3–4}}
  • {{cite book|last=Stati|first=V. N.|title=Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc|location=Chișinău|publisher=Tipografia Centrală (Biblioteca Pro Moldova)|year=2003|isbn=9975-78-248-5}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Zabarah|first=Dareg A.|title=The linguistic gordian knot in Moldova: Repeating the Yugoslav Experience?|year=2010|work=Srpski Jezik |issue= XV/1-2, pp. 187–210}}
{{refend}}

Further reading

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite book |last=Ciscel |first=Matthew H.| title=The Language of the Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and Identity in an Ex-Soviet Republic |year=2007 |isbn=0-7391-1443-3 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham}} – About the identity of the contemporary Moldovans in the context of debates about their language.
{{refend}}

External links

{{commons category}}{{refbegin|1}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331013454/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-07132006-150511/unrestricted/faucheux_thesis.pdf Chase Faucheux, "Language classification and manipulation in Romania and Moldova"], thesis, 2006, Louisiana State University
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090306001437/http://www.translators.md/Publications/ERusnac02_en.doc Eleonora Rusnac, "Translation of Russian loans and irregularities of the spoken language in the Republic of Moldova"], Association of Professional Translators of Moldova
  • "Moldova", Ethnologue report
  • Academy of Sciences of Moldova
  • {{cite journal |last1=Cărăuș |first1=Tamara |title=Republica Moldova: identităţi false, adevărate sau naţionale? |trans-title=Republic of Moldova: False, true or national identities? |url=http://www.contrafort.md/2002/90-91/338.html |website=Contrafort |location=Chişinău, Moldova |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212220657/http://www.contrafort.md/2002/90-91/338.html |archivedate=2006-02-12 |language=ro |date=April–May 2002}} {{ro icon}}
{{refend}}{{Moldova topics}}{{Languages of Moldova}}{{Romance languages}}{{Romanian language}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Moldovan language}}

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