| 词条 | Monagas | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| official_name = Monagas | native_name = | native_name_lang = es | settlement_type = State of Venezuela | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Bandera de el estado Monagas.svg | flag_size = | flag_alt = | image_shield = | shield_size = {{#if: |{{{coa_size}}}px|75px}} | shield_alt = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | nickname = | national anthem = | motto = Resistió con valor ({{lang-en|It resisted with courage}}) | anthem = Himno del Estado Monagas | image_map = Monagas in Venezuela.svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = Location within Venezuela | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|9.43|-63.08|region:VE_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Venezuela | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = {{#if: 1909 | Created }} | established_date = 1909 | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = Capital | seat = Maturín | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = Yelitza Santaella {{#if:2012|(2012{{#if:present|–present}})}} | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 28900 | area_rank = 9th | area_note = 3.15% of Venezuela | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 905443 | population_as_of = {{#if: | {{{year_estimate}}} est.| 2011 census }} | population_rank = 13th | population_density_km2 = | population_demonym = | population_note = 3.15% of Venezuela | timezone1 = 00 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = VE-N | blank_name_sec1 = Emblematic tree | blank_info_sec1 = Palma de Moriche {{nowrap|(Mauritia flexuosa)}} | website = {{#if:http://www.monagas.gov.ve | {{url|1=http://www.monagas.gov.ve}} }} | footnotes = }} Monagas State ({{lang-es|Estado Monagas}}, {{IPA-es|esˈtaðo moˈnaɣas|IPA}}) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. Monagas State covers a total surface area of 28,900 km² and, as of the 2011 census, had a population of 905,443. Monagas State is surrounded by Sucre State in the north, Anzoátegui State in the west and south, Bolívar State in the south, Delta Amacuro State in the south and east and the Paria Gulf in the northeast. The state is named after the general and president of Venezuela José Tadeo Monagas, native from this state, and his brother and fellow president José Gregorio Monagas, native from the neighbor Anzoátegui State. The capital of the state is Maturín. Municipalities and municipal seats
HistoryChaimas, Waraos, Arawacos, and Kalina (Caribs) are some of the Indian peoples who had been living in the territory of Monagas state before the colonisation of this land by the Spaniards. The former Indian town of Uyapari (today the town of Barrancas of Orinoco) was the centre of a splendid kind of pottery admired by some Spanish explorers as Diego de Ordaz. Scholars, who studied this pottery, gave the culture which designed it the name of Barrancoide Culture. After a probable arrival of Columbus to the coast of Monagas State during his third voyage in August 1498 many explorations were done to this land. Some of the most famous Spanish explorers were Diego de Ordaz (discover of the Indian town of Uyapari), Diego de Lepe, Juan Bono de Quejo and Antonio Berrio. Apart from that, some hunters of Indians from the islands of Cubagua and Margarita sail around Monagas state looking for slaves in some Indians towns. The colonization of this state was very slow, for the resistance made by the Caribs. These Indians defended their freedom, families and lands against the Spanish conquerors who wanted to hunt and sell them to the encomenderos (persons who need slave for cultivating their farms). This situation began to change when Franciscan missioners arrived from Spain in order to evangelize the Indians. The Franciscans are the responsibles of the establishment of many missions which became in towns later. Some of these towns founded by the Franciscans are San Antonio (founded in 1710 by Gerónimo de Muros), Guanaguana (founded in 1729 by Pacián de San Martín), Caicara (founded in 1731 by Ambrosio de Blesa), Caripe (founded in 1734 by Pedro de Gelsa), Santa Bárbara (founded in 1754 by Casimiro de Borja), Maturín (founded in 1760 by Lucas de Zaragoza), Barrancas (founded in 1790 by Joaquín de Morata) and so on. However these foundations were not so easy. At the beginning some Indians, especially the Caribs, attacked the group of missioners. Some Franciscans died for the attacks, others died for the tropical sicknesses or for the rude conditions they were living. When the Caribs were driven out from the banks of Guarapiche River by the Spanish governor of Cumaná Pedro Carreño, the missioners were able to continue with the foundations of mission stations around Monagas State. The lands of Monagas were the scene of many battles during the fight for the independence of Venezuela. The most famous battles took place in Maturín. During the period of the republic, Monagas state had a slow growth because of the frequent civil wars which destroyed possessions and killed cattle and men. Another cause of this problem was the increment of deaths produced by tropical sicknesses as the yellow fever. The landscape change when oil fields were discovered in this land. The new petroleum activity stimulated industrial and commercial activities which attracted persons from other states and countries. Punta de Mata, El Tejero, Temblador are examples of towns which were born around the oil fields. Maturín became in an important commercial and banking centre in the east of Venezuela. In relation to the political formation of this entity, Monagas was part of the province of Nueva Andalucía, which became in the province of Cumaná, in the 16th, 17th, 18th and the middle part of 19th centuries. In 1856 Monagas was raised to the level of province with the name of province of Maturín. In 1864 was ratified the new Maturín state. But in 1879 these lands lost their autonomy and formed part of the east state. In 1891 Monagas was added to the great Bermúdez state, which was composed by Sucre, Anzoátegui, Monagas, Bolívar states. Monagas got again the autonomy in 1901 with the name of Maturín state. However Monagas lost this condition in 1904 when it was added to the Bermúdez state. At the end Monagas was separated from Barcelona state in 1909 and became a state with its current name. The name of this state is derived from the name of the Monaghan county in Ireland due to some influential Irish inmigrant families present in the state at the time who were also present in the Caribbean [1]. GeographyReliefThe state has many plateaus and savannas located in the southwest. In the northeast and the southeast there are deltaic savannas in which rivers such as San Juan, Guanipa, Caño Mánamo, Río Tigre flow into. In the northwest there is a group of mountains belonged to the eastern mountain range. This mountain range is divided in two massifs: the massif of el Turimiquire (in which the town of San Antonio is located) and the massif of Caripe (in which the town of Caripe is located). MountainsCerro Negro (2000 m.) is the highest mountain of Monagas State. WeatherThe weather is hot in the area of the Llanos, while it is cold in the mountains located in the north of the state. The average temperature in the low areas is between 25 and 28 °C. In the area of the town of Caripe the cold temperature permits the cultivation of certain kind of typical plants from cold weathers as roses and strawberries. The level of rainfalls in the state is between 530 and 1400 mm during the year. HydrologyThe rivers of the state belong to one of the two basins that are located in the state. The basins are the basin of Atlantic Ocean and the basin of the Orinoco River. Rivers such as Guanipa, Río Tigre, Morichal Largo, Caño Mánamo, Amana, Tonoro, Tabasca, Uracoa flow into the Orinoco River. On the other hand, the rivers Guarapiche, San Juan, Río de Oro, Caripe flow into the Atlantic Ocean. The rivers of the Atlantic Ocean basin come from the mountains located in the northwest of the state and the rivers of the Orinoco river basin come from the many plateaus located in the southwest of Monagas State and from Anzoategui State. VegetationThe vegetation is the intertropical one. This vegetation is adapted to the different altitudes, weathers and kinds of soil of the state. Typical trees are el araguaney, la ceiba, el jobo, el aceituno, la vera, la palma de moriche and el mangle. Protected areasCueva del Guácharo National Park, was created on May 1975 by the Venezuelan government to protect the ecosystem surrounding the Guacharo’s Cave. The park has a surface area of 155 km² and covers the mountainous areas of Acosta and Caripe municipalities in Monagas state and Ribero municipality in Sucre state. Alejandro de Humboldt National Monument can be located inside the park El Guácharo. This national monument was created in 1949 to protect the Guacharo’s Cave. This national monument is named after the German explorer Alexander von Humboldt, who visited the Guacharo’s cave in 1799. Another protected area is Guarapiche Forestal Reserve, which protects the forests located at the bank of Guarapiche and San Juan Rivers. PopulationThe population of Monagas State has increased since the 1920s due to the opening of its oil fields. The majority of its inhabitants are Mestizo|mestizos; that is, they result from the progeny of native Indians, Black Africans and White Europeans. Many people from neighbouring states as Sucre and Nueva Esparta, as well as persons from other countries as Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, Syrian, Lebanese and Chinese have immigrated to the state because of the petroleum industry and business opportunities. The majority of the population is concentrated in the northern area of Monagas state. At least fifty percent of inhabitants live in the capital state Maturín. Important towns are Punta de Mata, Temblador, Caripito and Caripe. Race and ethnicityAccording to the 2011 Census, the racial composition of the population was:[2]
EconomyThe main economical activity is the exploitation of oil. Many towns as Punta de Mata, El Tejero, Temblador depend on this activity. Other towns as Caripe and San Antonio live off agriculture and livestock farming. Coffee is planted in the areas next to the towns of Caripe and San Antonio. Cocoa is being cultivated near Caripito. Maize, tomato, sugar-cane, tobacco, banana, rice, yucca and tropical fruits grow in other areas. Cattle is concentrated in the southern and western parts of Monagas, where there are great extensions of savannas and plateaus. The state has forests with its corresponding industry. Because of the oil exploitation Maturín is a main commercial and banking centre in the east of Venezuela. EducationAt university level Monagas state has the following public university institutes: In Caripe
And these private university institutes: In Caripe
CultureMonagas state has a culture very similar to other eastern states of Venezuela. Natives of Monagas share with the population of the eastern states the quick manner of speaking the Spanish language, the food, some musical rhythms as the galerón or el Joropo, typical clothing as Liquiliqui of Los LLanos and the veneration for the Virgin of El Valle. CuisineTypical dishes of Monagas state are arepa (a kind of bread made of maize), cachapa (an omelette made of maize), casabe, empanada, mondongo (a kind of soup), queso de mano (a kind of cheese), jalea de guayaba (guayaba jelly), carne en vara (meat grilled on a stick). Fish are a very important food for the cuisine of a native of this state. In Christmas is traditional to eat hallacas, pan de jamón (ham bread), torta negra (black cake), ensalada de gallina (hen salad), dulce de lechoza ( papaya sweet). In the holy week cuajado de morrocoy is a typical dish for the belief that is profane to eat meat in these days. Also in the Holy Week is typical Cuajado de cazon in the area of the Eastern coast. DancesTypical dances of Monagas state are el Baile del Mono (Monkey’s Dance), holds on each 28 December in the town of Caicara and el Baile de la Culebra (Snake’s Dance), celebrated in the town of Ipure next to San Antonio of Maturín. ReligionThe predominant religion of this state is Christianity. Catholicism is the Christian branch which has the biggest number of followers. It is the consequence of the evangelization made by catholic missioners, as the Franciscans, in 17th and 18th centuries. The capital, Maturín, is seat of a catholic diocese since 1958. On the other hand, the blending of catholic rites with the rites of other religions like the Indian and African ones is very extended. For example, it is usual to find people who venerate María Lionza, the Indian chief Guaicaipuro and Felipe the Black. Some Protestant churches have been established in different towns around the state. Among them are Pentecostals, Lutherans, Baptists, Adventists of the Seven Day, Mormons and Jehovah’s Witnesses. Anglicans has a church in the area of Caripe. Islam is practiced by some immigrants from Arabic countries, although they do not have a mosque in the state. It is possible to find in Maturín followers of Buddhism, Hinduism, Methaphysics, and other faiths. Public holidaysPopular public holidays are:
Apart from that each town celebrates public festivities in honor of its patron saint when his/her day is held. Regional anniversaries are
Governors{{main|Governor of Monagas}} Governors chosen in Popular Election
Notable nativesFrom Amana of Tamarindo, town of Maturín municipality
References1. ^Conversation with Matt Monaghan, in August 2018 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf|title=Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)|page=29|publisher=Ine.gov.ve|accessdate=8 September 2015}} Sources
See also
3 : Monagas|States of Venezuela|States and territories established in 1909 |
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