| 词条 | Monotropa uniflora |
| 释义 |
|name = Monotropa uniflora |image = Indian_pipe_PDB.JPG |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Asterids |ordo = Ericales |familia = Ericaceae |subfamilia = Monotropoideae |genus = Monotropa |species = M. uniflora |binomial = Monotropa uniflora |binomial_authority = L. }} Monotropa uniflora, also known as ghost plant (or ghost pipe), Indian pipe or corpse plant, is an herbaceous perennial plant native to temperate regions of Udmurtiya in European Russia, Asia, North America and northern South America, but with large gaps between areas.[1][2] It was formerly classified in the family Monotropaceae, but is now included within the Ericaceae. It is of ephemeral occurrence, depending on the right conditions (moisture after a dry period) to appear full grown within a couple of days. Unlike most plants, it is white and does not contain chlorophyll. Instead of generating energy from sunlight, it is parasitic, more specifically a mycoheterotroph. Its hosts are certain fungi that are mycorrhizal with trees, meaning it ultimately gets its energy from photosynthetic trees. Since it is not dependent on sunlight to grow, it can grow in very dark environments as in the understory of dense forest. It is often associated with beech trees.[3] The complex relationship that allows this plant to grow also makes propagation difficult. The plant is sometimes completely waxy white, but often has black flecks or pale pink coloration.[4] Rare variants may have a deep red color. The stems reach heights of {{Convert|5|–|30|cm}}, sheathed with highly reduced leaves {{Convert|5|–|10|mm}} long, best identified as scales or bracts. These structures are small, thin, and translucent; they do not have petioles but instead extend in a sheath-like manner out of the stem. As its scientific name suggests, and unlike the related Monotropa hypopitys (but like the close relation Monotropastrum humile), the stems bear a single flower {{Convert|10|–|20|mm}} long, with 3–8 translucent petals, 10–12 stamens and a single pistil.[5][6][7][8] It flowers from early summer to early autumn, often a few days after rainfall. The fruit, an oval capsule-like structure, enlarges and becomes upright when the seeds mature, at this point stem and capsule looking desiccated and dark brown or black. Like most mycoheterotrophic plants, M. uniflora associates with a small range of fungal hosts, all of them members of Russulaceae.[9] The plant has been used as a nervine in western herbal medicine since the late nineteenth century.[10] {{Gallery|File:M. uniflora.jpg|M. uniflora |File:Indian Pipe - Stem Detail Macro.jpg|Monotropa uniflora stem detail. |File:Indian Pipe - Flowering Part Macro.jpg|Monotropa uniflora flowering part detail. |File:Monotropa uniflora 3270.JPG|alt6=Photograph of flower interior.|Each of ten anthers open via two curving slits. |File:M. uniflora macro shot..jpg|Flower near Kearney Ontario, Canada. |File:Indianpipes.jpg|alt1=Photograph|M. uniflora displaying its common, light pink coloring. |File:Rouge_Monotropa.jpg|alt2=Photograph|M. uniflora displaying the rare red coloration. |File:Pink_indian_pipes.jpg|alt3=Photograph|M. uniflora displaying a pink coloration. |File:Red_indian_pipes.JPG|alt4=Photograph|M. uniflora displaying a red coloration. |File:Monotropa uniflora 3277.JPG|alt5=Photograph of flower and stem leaves.|Leaves are scale-like, without chlorophyll, alternating on a waxy stem. |File:Monotropa uniflora in numbers.jpg|alt7=Photograph of a dense cluster of plants.|M. uniflora growing in numbers at Camano Island State Park. }} References1. ^{{cite journal |last1=Neyland |first1=Ray |last2=Hennigan |first2=Melissa K. |year=2004 |title=A Cladistic analysis of Monotropa uniflora (Ericaceae) inferred from large ribosomal subunit (26S) rRNA gene sequences |journal=Castanea |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=265–271 |doi=10.2179/0008-7475(2004)069<0265:ACAOMU>2.0.CO;2}} 2. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Monotropa+uniflora | last= Sullivan | first= Steven. K. | date= 2018 | title= Monotropa uniflora | website= Wildflower Search | accessdate= 2018-08-19 }} 3. ^http://www.psu.edu/dept/nkbiology/naturetrail/speciespages/indianpipe.htm 4. ^David Matthews "Indian Pipes, Ithaca NY" 5. ^{{cite web | url= http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Monotropa%20uniflora | last= Klinkenberg | first= Brian (Editor) | date= 2017 | title= Monotropa uniflora | website= E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. | publisher= Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver | accessdate= 2018-08-19}} 6. ^{{cite web | url= http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Monotropa%20uniflora | last= Giblin | first= David (Editor) | date= 2018 | title= Monotropa uniflora | website= WTU Herbarium Image Collection | publisher= Burke Museum, University of Washington | accessdate= 2018-08-19}} 7. ^{{cite web | url= http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Monotropa%20uniflora | date= 2018 | title= Monotropa uniflora | website= in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora | publisher= Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley | accessdate= 2018-08-19}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Wildflowers_Kimonis_Kramer/PAGES/INDIANPIPE_PAGE_FINAL.html|title=Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniflora) Species Page|website=www.bio.brandeis.edu|access-date=2018-07-06}} 9. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Yang | first1 = S. | last2 = Pfister | first2 = D. H. | doi = 10.3852/mycologia.98.4.535 | title = Monotropa uniflora plants of eastern Massachusetts form mycorrhizae with a diversity of russulacean fungi | journal = Mycologia | volume = 98 | issue = 4 | pages = 535–540 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17139846| pmc = }} 10. ^{{cite book |last1=Wickes Felter |first1=Harvey |last2=Uri Lloyd |first2=John |title=King's American dispensatory |date=1898 |publisher=Ohio Valley Co. |page=1277 |edition=19th 3rd rev |url=https://archive.org/details/kingsamericandis02kinguoft}} External links
6 : Monotropoideae|Parasitic plants|Flora of Asia|Flora of South America|Flora of North America|Plants described in 1753 |
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