“Monument Valley”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Monument Valley ({{lang-nv|Tsé Biiʼ Ndzisgaii}}, {{IPA-nav|tsʰépìːʔntsɪ̀skɑ̀ìː|pron}}, meaning valley of the rocks) is a region of the Colorado Plateau characterized by a cluster of vast sandstone buttes, the largest reaching {{convert|1000|ft|m|abbr=on}} above the valley floor.^[1] It is located on the Arizona–Utah border (around {{coord|36|59|N|110|6|W|display=inline,title}}), near the Four Corners area. The valley lies within the territory of the Navajo Nation Reservation and is accessible from U.S. Highway 163.

Monument Valley has been featured in many forms of media since the 1930s. Director John Ford used the location for a number of his best-known films and thus, in the words of critic Keith Phipps, "its {{convert|5|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|sp=us|disp=sqbr|spell=in}} have defined what decades of moviegoers think of when they imagine the American West."^[2]

Geography and geology

The area is part of the Colorado Plateau. The elevation of the valley floor ranges from {{convert|5000|to|6000|ft|m}} above sea level. The floor is largely siltstone of the Cutler Group, or sand derived from it, deposited by the meandering rivers that carved the valley. The valley's vivid red color comes from iron oxide exposed in the weathered siltstone. The darker, blue-gray rocks in the valley get their color from manganese oxide.

The buttes are clearly stratified, with three principal layers. The lowest layer is the Organ Rock Shale, the middle is de Chelly Sandstone, and the top layer is the Moenkopi Formation capped by Shinarump Conglomerate. The valley includes large stone structures including the famed "Eye of the Sun".

Between 1945 and 1967, the southern extent of the Monument Upwarp was mined for uranium, which occurs in scattered areas of the Shinarump Conglomerate; vanadium and copper are associated with uranium in some deposits.^[3]

Tourism

Monument Valley is officially a large area that includes much of the area surrounding Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park, a Navajo Nation equivalent to a national park. Oljato, for example, is also within the area designated as Monument Valley.

Visitors may pay an access fee and drive through the park on a {{convert|17|mi|km|adj=on}} dirt road (a 2-3 hour trip). Parts of Monument Valley, such as Mystery Valley and Hunts Mesa, are accessible only by guided tour.

Climate

Monument Valley experiences a desert climate with cold winters and hot summers. While the summers may be hot, the heat is tempered by the region's high altitude. Although the valley experiences an average of 54 days above {{convert|90|°F|°C}} annually, summer highs rarely exceed {{convert|100|°F|°C}}. Summer nights are comfortably cool, and temperatures drop quickly after sunset. Winters are cold, but daytime highs are usually above freezing. Even in the winter, temperatures below {{convert|0|°F|°C}} are uncommon, though possible. Monument Valley receives an occasional light snowfall in the winter; however, it usually melts within a day or two.

Gallery

Panoramas

Other images

Monument Valley in the media

Monument Valley has been featured in numerous computer games, in print, and in motion pictures, including multiple Westerns directed by John Ford that influenced audiences' view of the American West, such as: Stagecoach (1939), My Darling Clementine (1946), Fort Apache (1948), and She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949).^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Many more recent movies, with other directors, were also filmed in Monument Valley, including Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West (in 1967), the first spaghetti western to be filmed outside Europe, and The Lone Ranger (2013 film).^[10]

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |pages=255 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. }}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/dvdextras/features/2009/the_easy_rider_road_trip/monument_valley_where_peter_and_henry_fondas_careers_intersected.html |title=The Easy Rider Road Trip |first=Keith |last=Phipps |authorlink=Keith Phipps |work=Slate |date=November 17, 2009 |accessdate=December 16, 2012 }}
3. ^{{cite news|author=Malan, Roger C. |date=1968|title=The uranium mining industry and geology of the Monument Valley and White canyon districts, Arizona and Utah|work=Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933-1967|location= New York|publisher= American Institute of Mining Engineers|pages=790–804}}
4. ^{{cite web| url =http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?az5665| title =Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information | accessdate =March 24, 2013 | publisher =Western Regional Climate Center | language = }}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/dvdextras/features/2009/the_easy_rider_road_trip/monument_valley_where_peter_and_henry_fondas_careers_intersected.html |title=The Easy Rider Road Trip |first=Keith |last=Phipps |authorlink=Keith Phipps |work=Slate |date=November 17, 2009 |accessdate=December 16, 2012 }}
6. ^{{cite news|url=https://cnx.org/contents/aHhIy1gA@1/Ford-s-consistent-use-of-popular-imagery-in-Western-and-Non-Western-films|title=Ford's consistent use of popular imagery in Western and Non-Western films|work=The Influence of Western Painting and Genre Painting on the Films of John Ford|author=Howze, William |date=September 2, 2011|edition=Revised}} "Ford is popularly regarded as a director of westerns, the director who made John Wayne a star and made Monument Valley the locus for the myth of the American West. It was a reputation he encouraged. 'My name's John Ford -I make westerns', he once said by way of introduction.1 Among his most popular westerns are Staqecoach (1939), My Darlinq Clementine (1946), Fort Apache (1947), She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Searchers (1956), and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962)."Western or non-western, Ford's films exhibit characteristics that transcend those categories. Critics have recognized Ford's preoccupation with the traditional values of home and country, whether the country is Ireland or the United States; they have characterized his heroes as loners, men disappointed with life in some way that is only implied; and they have enumerated the elements of a typical Ford film: Monument Valley, the Seventh Cavalry, a fight, a dance, a wedding, a funeral, and the members of the so-called John Ford Stock Company, actors who appeared again and again in his films: John Wayne, Victor McLaglen, Henry Fonda, Ward Bond, Olive Carey, Harry Carey, Jr., John Qualen, and Hank Worden among others.
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://medium.com/@DavidA.Punch/stagecoach-defining-the-western-1a330b451d19|work=Medium|title=Stagecoach: Defining the Western, How John Ford’s 1939 western classic transformed the dying genre into the epitome of American cinema|author=Punch, David A. |date=September 2, 2018}} "Monument Valley resides on the Utah-Arizona border, within the territory of the Navajo Reservation. Encompassing approximately 30,000 acres, the land is noteworthy for its incredible sandstone buttes, which reach as high as 1,000 ft. Realizing how magnificent the location would be for a western picture, resident Harry Goulding approached John Ford about shooting his next film there. After previewing the landscape through some pictures Goulding brought along with him, Ford was certain he wanted to film Stagecoach there. Some of the motivation for that was the remoteness of the location. Hundreds of miles away from any form of civilization, it certainly discouraged nosey producers from prying, though the natural beauty of the terrain was a deciding factor. It became his preferred location for shooting westerns; Ford favored its majesty over accuracy in films like My Darling Clementine (1946), set in Tombstone, Arizona, and The Searchers, which substitutes the location for practically everywhere the characters travel to. The expansive countryside embodied the untamed potential of the western frontier so vividly it has become the iconic image of the west. Ford’s discovery of Monument Valley was crucial in piecing together his image of the frontier — a vision which has become the defining portrait of the American West."
8. ^{{cite journal|title=The Still Point: Women in the Westerns of John Ford|author= Movshovitz, Howard|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume= 7| number=3, Women on the Western Frontier |date=1984|pages= 68–72|publisher= University of Nebraska Press|doi= 10.2307/3346245|jstor=3346245}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/John_Ford|work=New World Encyclopedia|title=John Ford}} "Ford's favorite location for his films was Utah's Monument Valley. In fact, Ford found in Monument Valley a perfect visual backdrop and reference for the emotional and ideational content of his films, and many people's knowledge of and appreciation for Monument Valley comes from what they have seen in Ford's movies or the movies of subsequent directors who have used Ford's Monument Valley backdrop because of the Ford influence on them. Ford defined images of the American West with some of the most beautiful and powerful cinematography ever shot, in such films as Stagecoach, The Searchers, Fort Apache, and She Wore a Yellow Ribbon"
10. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.arizonahighways.com/blog/50-years-ago-two-iconic-films-featured-monument-valley |title=50 YEARS AGO, TWO ICONIC FILMS FEATURED MONUMENT VALLEY|date=2017-06-05}}