1. Historical taxonomy

2. Characteristics
    Flowers  Leaves  Fruits & Seeds 

3. Distribution

4. Phylogeny
    Tribes and genera 

5. References

6. External links

The Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species.^[2] Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however, there is a cosmopolitan distribution overall. The only synapomorphy within Moraceae is presence of laticifers and milky sap in all parenchymatous tissues, but generally useful field characters include two carpels sometimes with one reduced, compound inconspicuous flowers, and compound fruits.^[3] The family includes well-known plants such as the fig, banyan, breadfruit, mulberry, and Osage-orange. The 'flowers' of Moraceae are often pseudanthia (reduced inflorescences).

Historical taxonomy

Formerly included within the now defunct order Urticales, recent molecular studies have resulted in its placement within Rosales in a clade called the urticalean rosids that also includes Ulmaceae, Celtidaceae, Cannabaceae and Urticaceae. Cecropia, which has variously been placed in Moraceae, Urticaceae, or their own family, Cecropiaceae, is now included in Urticaceae.^[4]

Dioecy (having individuals with separate sexes) appears to be the primitive state in Moraceae.^[5] Monoecy has evolved independently at least four times within the family.

Characteristics

Flowers

The flowers are often small, with single whorled or absent perianth. Most flowers have either petals or sepals, but not both, known as monochlamydeae, and have pistils and stamens in different flowers, known as diclinous. Except for Brosimum gaudichaudii and Castilla elastica, the perianth in all species of Moraceae contain sepals. If the flower has an inflexed stamen, then pollen is released and distributed by wind dispersal; however, if the stamen is straight, then insect pollination is most likely to occur. Insect pollination occurs in Antiaropsis, Artocarpus, Castilla, Dorstenia, Ficus, and Mesogyne ^[6]

Leaves

The leaves are much like the flowers when analyzing diversity. The leaves can be singly attached to the stem or alternating, they may be lobed or unlobed, and can be evergreen or deciduous depending on what species is in question. ^[7] The red mulberry can host numerous leaf types on the same tree. Leaves can be both lobed and unlobed and appear very different but coexist on the same plant. ^[8].

Fruits & Seeds

Plant species in Moraceae are best known for their fruits. Overall, most species produced a fleshy fruit containing seeds. Examples include the breadfruit from Artocarpus altillis, the mulberry from Morus rubra, and the jackfruit from Artocarpus heterophyllus. ^[5][9]

Distribution

Moracea can be found throughout the world with a cosmopolitan distribution. It is hypothesized that their cosmopolitan distribution is due to the breakup of Gondwana during the Jurassic period ^[10]. The majority of species can be found originating in the Old World tropics with emphasis in Asia and the pacific islands ^[11]

Phylogeny

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:^{[4][5][9][12]}

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Tribes and genera

Moraceae comprises the following:^[13]

• Artocarpeae Lam. & DC. 1806
  • Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (~50 spp.)
  • Batocarpus H.Karst. (4 spp.)
  • Clarisia Ruiz & Pav. (3 spp.)
  • Hullettia King ex Hook.f. (2 spp.)
  • Parartocarpus Baill. (3 spp.)
  • Prainea King ex Hook.f. (4 spp.)
  • Treculia Decne. ex Trécul (3 spp.)
• Castilleae C.C.Berg 1977
  • Antiaropsineae (C.C.Berg) Clement & Weiblen 2005
  • Antiaropsis K.Schum. (1 sp.)
  • Sparattosyce Bur. (1 sp.)
  • Castillineae Clement & Weiblen 2009
  • Antiaris Lesch. (1 sp.)
  • Castilla Cerv. (3 spp.)
  • Helicostylis Trécul (7 spp.)
  • Maquira Aubl. (5 spp.)
  • Mesogyne Engl. (1 sp.)
  • Naucleopsis Miq. (~20 spp.)
  • Perebea Aubl. (9 spp.)
  • Poulsenia Eggers (1 sp.)
  • Pseudolmedia Trécul (~9 spp.)
• Dorstenieae Dumort. 1830
  • Bleekrodea Blume (3 spp.)
  • Bosqueiopsis De Wild. & T.Durand (1 sp.)
  • Brosimum Sw. (13 spp.)
  • Broussonetia L’Hér. ex Vent. (8 spp.)
  • Dorstenia L. (~105 spp.)
  • Fatoua Gaudich. (3 spp.)
  • Helianthostylis Baill. (2 spp.)
  • Malaisia Blanco 1837 (1 sp.)
  • Scyphosyce Baill. (2 spp.)
  • Sloetia Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz 1864 (1 sp.)
  • Trilepisium Thouars (1 sp.)
  • Trymatococcus Poepp. & Endl. (2 spp.)
  • Utsetela Pellegr. (1 sp.)
• Ficeae Gaudich. 1830
  • Ficus L. (750 spp.)
• Maclureae W.L. Clement & Weiblen 2009
  • Maclura Nutt. (11 spp.)
• Moreae Dumort. 1829
  • Bagassa Aubl. (1 sp.)
  • Milicia Sim (2 spp.)
  • Morus L. (~12 spp.)
  • Sorocea A.St.-Hil. (14 spp.)
  • Streblus Lour. (~24 spp.)
  • Trophis P.Browne (8 spp.)
• Fossils
  • †Artocarpoides

References

External links

• Moraceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.

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