| 词条 | Morane-Saulnier L | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Morane-Saulnier L, or Morane-Saulnier Type L, or officially MoS-3, was a French parasol wing one or two-seat scout aeroplane of the First World War. The Type L became one of the first successful fighter aircraft when it was fitted with a single machine gun that fired through the arc of the propeller, which was protected by armoured deflector wedges. Its immediate effectiveness in this role launched an arms race in fighter development, and the Type L was swiftly rendered obsolete. The original Type L used wing warping for lateral control, but a later version designated Type LA was fitted with ailerons.[1] Built by Morane-Saulnier, large numbers of the Type L were ordered by the French Aviation Militaire at the outbreak of the war. In total about 600 Type Ls were built and, in addition to the French air force, they served with the Royal Flying Corps, Royal Naval Air Service and the Imperial Russian Air Service. The type was also produced under licence in Germany by Pfalz Flugzeugwerke as the unarmed A.I and A.II scouts (with 80 HP and 100 HP Oberursel engines respectively).[2] About 60 were built for Bavarian air service. A few were later modified as the E.III fighters.[2] A few Type Ls captured by Germany were fitted with a single German Spandau LMG 08 machine gun. These captured and converted aircraft are often mistaken for Pfalz E.IIIs.[3] About 450 aircraft were licence-built in Russia by Duks and Lebed works.[4] The Morane-Saulnier L was also built under licence in Sweden with some minor improvements as the Thulin D. Operational historyIn December 1914 the famous French aviator Roland Garros, then serving with Escadrille 23, worked with Raymond Saulnier to create a gun synchronizer, using the gas operated Hotchkiss light machine gun. However the firing rate fluctuated too much for the synchronizer to function properly.[5] As an interim measure, they then designed a "safety backup" in the form of braced "deflectors" (metal wedges) fitted to the rear surfaces of the propeller blades at the points where they could be struck by a bullet.[5] Garros took his Type L fighter into combat with the deflectors in March 1915 and achieved immediate success, shooting down three German aircraft in April, a noteworthy feat at the time. The bullets that the French used were not likely to damage the harder steel of the wedges themselves. On 18 April 1915, Garros' deflector-equipped Type L force-landed behind German lines and was captured before he could destroy it. Three two-seat Morane Type L aircraft were also the first victims of the first German fighter aircraft. Leutnant Kurt Wintgens, flying the Parabellum machine gun-armed Fokker Eindecker M.5K/MG prototype E.5/15, a copy of the Morane-Saulnier H with a wire-braced welded steel tube fuselage and fitted with the Fokker Stangensteuerung synchronized gun, downed the first on July 1, 1915, followed by two similar victories on July 4 and 15. About 50 Type Ls were delivered to Britain's Royal Flying Corps, which used them as reconnaissance aircraft during 1915,[6] with a further 25 being operated by the Royal Naval Air Service. On 7 June 1915 one of these aircraft, flown by Flight Sub-Lieutenant Reginald Alexander John Warneford of 1 Squadron RNAS intercepted the Deutsches Heer-flown Zeppelin LZ.37, destroying it, the first Zeppelin to be destroyed in the air. Warneford received the Victoria Cross for this achievement.[7] Cecil Lewis served with the RFC's Squadron Number 3 in 1916 through the Somme offensive. He flew the Type LA "Parasol" (as it was known) operationally, for over three hundred hours and was awarded the Military Cross. Most of that flying was conducted on a single airframe, RFC serial 5133. In his book "Sagittarius Rising" he recalled of the LA: "I had a look over her, and the more I saw of her the less I liked her. It was certainly not love at first sight . . . the elevator was as sensitive as a gold balance; the least movement stood you on your head or on your tail. You couldn't leave the machine to its own devices for a moment . . . the Morane really was a death trap . . . Subsequently I flew every machine used by the Air Force during the war. They were all child's play after the Morane . . . but I did come to love the Morane as I loved no other aeroplane."[8] Three Pfalz A.II's were used by the Ottoman Empire in an attempt to combat the growing threat of the Arab Revolt[9] A Morane-Saulnier "Parasol" was used for the first flight by an airplane across the Andes on April 13, 1918, when the Argentine aviator Luis Candelaria flew from Zapala, Argentina, to Cunco, Chile; the flight lasted 2 hours 30 minutes and reached an altitude of 4,000 meters.[10] VariantsMorane-Saulnier versions
Pfalz-built versions
Operators
Specifications (Type L){{Aircraft specifications||plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing.)[11] |crew=2 |length main=6.88 m |length alt=22 ft 6¾ in |span main=11.20 m |span alt=36 ft 8⅞ in |height main=3.93 m |height alt=12 ft 10⅝ in |area main=18.3 m² |area alt=197 sq ft |empty weight main=393 kg |empty weight alt=865 lb |loaded weight main=677.5 kg |loaded weight alt=1,491 lb |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |more general= |engine (prop)=Le Rhône 9C |type of prop=9-cylinder rotary engine |number of props=1 |power main=60 kW |power alt=80 hp |max speed main=125 km/h |max speed alt=68 knots, 78 mph |max speed more=at sea level |range main= |range alt= |endurance=4 hr |ceiling main= |ceiling alt= |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main= |loading alt= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance=*Climb to 1000 m (3000 ft): 8 min |guns=1 × 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun }} See also{{Aircontent||related=
|similar aircraft= }} ReferencesNotes{{commons category|Morane-Saulnier L}}1. ^Taylor 1989, p. 684. 2. ^1 Herris, Jack. Pfalz Aircraft of World War I. Great War Aircraft in Profile, Volume 4. 2001. {{ISBN|1891268155}}. P.4-7,20 3. ^1 2 3 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft 1985, p. 2698. 4. ^Obuchovich, V., Nikiforov, A. Samolyoty Pyervoy Mirovoy voyny (Самолеты первой мировой войны), Harvest: 2003, {{ISBN|985-13-1701-2}} {{icon ru}}, p. 285 5. ^1 Bruce, 1989, p.3 6. ^Green and Swanborough 1994, p. 413. 7. ^Thetford 1978, p. 258. 8. ^Lewis, Cecil, Sagittarius Rising 9. ^Nicolle 1994, p. 19. 10. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/93428-a-80-anos-del-primer-cruce-aereo-de-los-andes |title=A 80 años del primer cruce aéreo de los Andes |author=Luis Casabal |publisher= Diario La Nación |date= 13 April 1998 |language= Spanish |accessdate=26 April 2015}} 11. ^Bruce 1982, p. 291. Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
9 : French fighter aircraft 1910–1919|French military reconnaissance aircraft 1910–1919|Military aircraft of World War I|Morane-Saulnier aircraft|French military trainer aircraft 1910–1919|Parasol-wing aircraft|Single-engined tractor aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1913|Rotary-engined aircraft |
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