| 词条 | Morris Fuller Benton |
| 释义 |
|name = Morris Fuller Benton |image = Morris Fuller Benton.jpg |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date|1872|11|30}} |birth_place = Milwaukee, Wisconsin |death_date = {{Death date and age|1948|06|30|1872|11|30}} |death_place = Morristown, New Jersey |occupation = Type designer, business executive |other_names = |alma mater = Cornell University | employer = American Type Founders |spouse = |signature = }}Morris Fuller Benton (November 30, 1872 – June 30, 1948) was an American typeface designer who headed the design department of the American Type Founders (ATF), for which he was the chief type designer from 1900 to 1937.[1][2][3][4] Many of Benton's designs, such as his large family of related sans-serif or "gothic" typefaces, including Alternate Gothic, Franklin Gothic, and News Gothic, are still in everyday use. Typefaces{{Main|Morris Fuller Benton (list of types)}}Benton is credited as America's most prolific designer of metal type, having (with his team) completed 221 typefaces, including revivals of historical models, like Bodoni and Cloister; original designs, such as Hobo, Bank Gothic, and Broadway; and adding new weights to existing faces, such as Century, Goudy Old Style and Cheltenham. Although he did not invent the concept, Benton working at ATF pioneered the concept of families of typeface designs, allowing consistency of appearance in different sizes, widths and weights.[5] This allowed ATF to capitalise on a successful typeface's popularity and facilitated coherent layout and graphic design; its 1923 specimen book described its approach of creating families which could allow advertisers to "talk at command with varying emphasis and orchestral power [rather than using] a medley of display types."[6] Benton worked as the team leader of designers responsible for creating a basic design and then adapting it to different sizes and weights. He considered his work as a designer important and wrote a brief list of typefaces he considered his most important work in 1936, shortly before his retirement.[7][8] Benton was relatively retiring in life: a 1936 interview described him as "one of the most difficult men to interview I have ever talked to...try to pin some honour on him, or give him credit for some achievement, and he will modestly sidestep with the remark that ‘Lady Luck helped me a lot there!’"[1] TechnologyIn addition to his strong aesthetic design sense, Benton was a master of the technology of his day. He read mechanical engineering at Cornell University, graduating in 1896.[9] His father, Linn Boyd Benton, invented the pantographic engraving machine, which was capable not only of scaling a single font design pattern to a variety of sizes while compensating for the size change, but could also condense, extend, and slant the design (mathematically, these are cases of affine transformation, which is the fundamental geometric operation of most systems of digital typography today, including PostScript). Morris used these machines with his father at ATF, during which these machines were refined to an impressive level of precision.[10] Theo Rehak, the current owner of much ATF typecasting equipment, and author of the definitive treatise Practical Typecasting, explains that the Bentons demanded that any deviation in machining or casting be within two ten-thousandths of an inch.[11] Most modern machine shops are equipped to measure down to one thousandth of an inch. As an advertising device, in 1922 ATF manufactured a piece of type eight points tall (0.11 inch) containing the entire Lord's Prayer in 13 lines of text, using a cutting tool roughly equivalent to a 2000-dpi printer. References
1. ^1 {{cite book|author=Loxley, Simon|title=Type: The Secret History of Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AfP2prmEDUC&pg=PA68|date=12 June 2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-028-4|pages=68-78}} 2. ^{{cite web|last1=Cost|first1=Patricia|title=The Contributions of Linn Boyd Benton and Morris Fuller Benton to the Technology of Typesetting and Typeface Design|url=http://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4915&context=theses|type=MSc thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology|accessdate=5 September 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Morphy|first1=Marcia|title=RIT Publishes Historical Book on the Bentons and Their Typeface Legacy|url=https://www.rit.edu/news/story.php?id=48079|publisher=Rochester Institute of Technology|accessdate=5 September 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Cost|first1=Patricia|title=Linn Boyd Benton, Morris Fuller Benton, and Typemaking at ATF|url=http://www.klingspor-museum.de/KlingsporKuenstler/Schriftdesigner/BentonArtikel/Bentonjournal.pdf|publisher=Klingspor Museum|accessdate=5 September 2016}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=ATF, ‘Originator of Type Fashions’|url=http://typographica.org/on-typography/atf-originator-of-type-fashions/|publisher=Typographica.org|accessdate=2 January 2017}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Specimen Book & Catalogue|date=1923|publisher=American Type Founders|pages=66–81|url=https://archive.org/details/1923AmericanTypeFoundersSpecimenBookCatalogue|accessdate=30 August 2015}} 7. ^{{cite web|last1=von Holdt|first1=Rick|title=Morris Fuller Benton, Type Designer — Fact or Fiction?|url=http://apa-letterpress.com/APA_Journal/2013-06.pdf|website=APA Journal|publisher=Amalgamated Printers' Association|accessdate=2 January 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Cost|first1=Patricia|title=A Reply to Rick von Holdt|url=https://morrisbenton.com/2015/03/28/a-reply-to-rick-von-holdt/|publisher=MorrisBenton.com|accessdate=2 January 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Introduction to Morris Fuller Benton|url=http://www.linotype.com/3525/morris-fuller-benton.html|publisher=Linotype.com|accessdate=15 January 2016}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=David Consuegra, David|title=Classic Typefaces: American Type and Type Designers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcnMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1475|date=10 October 2011|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=978-1-62153-582-9|pages=1475–1479}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.daleguild.com/Artifacts.html |title= Dale Guild Artifacts |accessdate=2007-11-28 |author= Rehak, Theo}} External links
7 : 1872 births|1948 deaths|American typographers|Artists from Milwaukee|Engineers from Wisconsin|Cornell University College of Engineering alumni|20th-century American engineers |
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