| 词条 | Titan Saturn System Mission |
| 释义 |
| name = Titan Saturn System Mission | names_list = TandEM | image = | image_caption = | image_alt = | image_size = | mission_type = | operator = NASA, ESA | Harvard_designation = | COSPAR_ID = | SATCAT = | website = ESA Webpage on TandEM/TSSM | mission_duration = 2 years (proposed)[1] | distance_travelled = | orbits_completed = | suborbital_range = | suborbital_apogee = | spacecraft = | spacecraft_type = | spacecraft_bus = | manufacturer = | launch_mass = Orbiter:{{convert|1613|kg|abbr=on}} Montgolfière:{{convert|600|kg|abbr=on}} Lander:{{convert|190|kg|abbr=on}} | BOL_mass = | landing_mass = | dry_mass = | payload_mass = | dimensions = | power = | launch_date = between 2020 and 2029 (proposed) | launch_rocket = Delta IV Heavy, Space Launch System[2] Block IB, or Atlas V | launch_site = | launch_contractor = | deployment_from = | deployment_date = | entered_service = | disposal_type = | deactivated = | destroyed = | last_contact = | recovery_by = | recovery_date = | decay_date = | landing_date = | landing_site =
| programme = | previous_mission = | next_mission = | insignia = | insignia_caption = | insignia_alt = | insignia_size = }} Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) was a joint NASA–ESA proposal for an exploration of Saturn and its moons Titan and Enceladus,[1] where many complex phenomena were revealed by Cassini. With an estimated NASA cost of $2.5 billion (FY07), TSSM was proposed to launch in 2020, get gravity assists from Earth and Venus, and arrive at the Saturn system in 2029. The 4-year prime mission would include a two-year Saturn tour, a 2-month Titan aero-sampling phase, and a 20-month Titan orbit phase. In 2009, a mission to Jupiter and its moons was given priority over Titan Saturn System Mission,[3] although TSSM will continue to be assessed for possible development and launch. Origin and statusThe Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) was officially created in January 2009 by the merging of the ESA's Titan and Enceladus Mission (TandEM) with NASA's Titan Explorer (2007) study,[4] although plans to combine both concepts date at least back to early 2008. TSSM was competing against the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) proposal for funding, and in February 2009 it was announced that NASA/ESA had given EJSM priority ahead of TSSM.[5][6] TSSM will continue to be studied for a later launch date, probably sometime in the 2020s. Detailed assessment reports of the mission elements[7] as well as a specific concept for a lake-landing module for Titan's lakes called Titan Mare Explorer (TiME) with the potential of becoming a part of the TSSM have been proposed in February and October 2009, respectively. The TSSM may be revived and launched on the SLS super-heavy-lift rocket.[8] Mission overviewThe TSSM mission consists of an orbiter and two Titan exploration probes: a hot air balloon ("Montgolfier" type) that will float in Titan's clouds, and a lander that will splash down on one of its methane seas. Both probes’ data are to be relayed to a Titan orbiter. They will be equipped to study Titan's features with instruments for imaging, radar profiling, and surface as well as atmospheric sampling, much more complete than done by the Cassini–Huygens mission. The spacecraft will use several gravity assist flybys of other planets to enable it to reach Saturn. The baseline design envisaged a September 2020 launch, followed by four gravity assists (Earth–Venus–Earth–Earth), and arrival at Saturn 9 years later in October 2029. This is one of several available Earth-to-Saturn transfer options from the year 2018 through 2022. Current NASA plans do not give the TSSM a priority, however, and it is unlikely any of the proposed launch dates can be met. Upon Saturn arrival, in October 2029, the orbiter's chemical propulsion system would place the flight system into orbit around Saturn, followed by a two-year Saturn Tour Phase, characterized by the deployment of the in situ elements, and including a minimum of seven close Enceladus flybys and 16 Titan flybys. During this period, repeated satellite gravity assists and manoeuvres will reduce the energy needed to insert into Titan's orbit. As the craft completes its flyby by Enceladus, the orbiter will analyze the unusual cryovolcanic plumes at the moon's south pole. The montgolfière, a hot air balloon, would be released on approach to the first Titan flyby for ballistic entry into Titan's atmosphere for its six Earth months’ mission from April 2030 to October 2030. Based on Cassini–Huygens discoveries, the montgolfière should be able to circumnavigate Titan at least once during its nominal lifetime at its deployment latitude of about 20°N, 10 kilometers above Titan's surface. Lake landerNumerous proposals have been brought forward with respect to the lake-lander concept. One of the most detailed plans so far is the so-called Titan Mare Explorer (TiME), which had originally been proposed as a separate scout mission, but might eventually be postponed and included in the TSSM.[9][10] If approved, TiME would be released by the orbiter on its second Titan flyby. Due to Titan's haze layer and its distance to the Sun, the lander cannot be powered by solar panels and it would rely on the new Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG),[10][11] which is a prototype meant to provide availability of long-lived power supplies for landed networks and other planetary missions. The lander will target Ligeia Mare, a northern polar sea of liquid hydrocarbons at about 79°N. The probe will descend by parachute, like the Huygens probe of 2005. During the 6 hours of descent it will analyze the atmosphere and then splashdown on the liquid surface. The plutonium-powered craft's principal function is to sample and analyze organics on the surface for a period of about 3 to 6 months; this would be the first floating exploration of an extraterrestrial sea. Science goals and objectives{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}The major goals of the TSSM mission can be summarized under four categories:
At Titan, the science goals would be to provide information on such aspects as the composition of the surface and the geographic distribution of the various organic constituents; on the methane cycle and the methane reservoirs; on the ages of the surface features, and in particular on whether cryovolcanism and tectonism are actively ongoing or are relics of a more active past; on the presence or absence of ammonia, of a magnetic field and of a sub-surface ocean; on the chemistry that drives complex ion formation in the upper atmosphere; and on a large altitude range in the atmosphere, from 400–900 km, which remains poorly explored after Cassini. In addition, much remains to be understood about seasonal changes of the atmosphere at all levels, and the long-term escape of constituents to space. TiME lander would splashdown on Ligeia Mare, a methane sea on Titan's northern hemisphere. It is believed that Titan's methane cycle is analogous to Earth's hydrologic cycle, with meteorological working fluid existing in liquid and gas phase. TiME would directly discern the methane cycle of Titan and help understand its similarities and differences to the hydrologic cycle on Earth.[10] However, questions about the sources of re-supply of methane to the atmosphere remain to be answered. This world is built by organic activities which still operate and Cassini–Huygens findings suggest a world with a balance of geologic and atmospheric processes that is the solar system's best analogue to Earth. Moreover, an interior ocean discovered by Cassini, deep underneath Titan's dense atmosphere and surface is thought to be largely composed of liquid water. TSSM would be the first mission in the 50 years of space exploration where an extensive and interdisciplinary in situ survey of active organic chemistry and climate on the land, on the sea, and in the air of another world will take place. See also{{commons category}}
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=106 |title=TANDEM/TSSM mission summary |accessdate=2009-11-08 |date=20 October 2009 |work=European Space Agency }} 2. ^https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Creech_SLS_Deep_Space.pdf 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7897585.stm |title=Jupiter in space agencies' sights |first=Paul |last=Rincon |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2009-02-20 |date=2009-02-20 }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=44033 |title=TSSM NASA/ESA joint summary report |accessdate=2009-11-26 |date=19 Jan 2009 |publisher=ESA }} 5. ^NASA and ESA Prioritize Outer Planet Missions 6. ^Jupiter in space agencies' sights 7. ^{{Cite web |url=http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=44201 |title=ESA internal study report on ESA contributions to Tandem/TSSM available |date=12 February 2009 |publisher=ESA}} 8. ^https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Creech_SLS_Deep_Space.pdf 9. ^Nuclear-Powered Robot Ship Could Sail Seas of Titan (14 October 2009) 10. ^1 2 {{Citation| first=Ellen | last=Stofan| authorlink=Ellen Stofan| coauthors=| contribution=Titan Mare Explorer (TiME): The First Exploration of an Extra-Terrestrial Sea| title=Presentation to NASA's Decadal Survey| editor-first=| editor-last=| coeditors=| publisher=Space Policy Online| place=| pages=| date=25 August 2009| year=| id= | contribution-url=http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/images/stories/PSDS%20Sat1%20Stofan-TIME.pdf| format=| accessdate=2009-11-04 }} 11. ^NASA's Planetary Science Division Update (June 23, 2008). External links
5 : European Space Agency space probes|NASA programs|Missions to Saturn|Orbiters (space probe)|Proposed NASA space probes |
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