词条 | Moskva River |
释义 |
The Moskva River ({{lang-ru|река Москва, Москва-река}}, Moskva-reka) is a river of western Russia. It rises about {{convert|140|km|abbr=on|-1}} west of Moscow, and flows roughly east through the Smolensk and Moscow Oblasts, passing through central Moscow. About {{convert|110|km|abbr=on|-1}} south east of Moscow, at the city of Kolomna, it flows into the Oka River, itself a tributary of the Volga, which ultimately flows into the Caspian Sea. EtymologyMoskva and Moscow are two different renderings of the same Russian word Москва. The city is named after the river. Finno-Ugric Merya and Muroma people, who originally inhabited the area, called the river Mustajoki. It has been suggested that the name of the city derives from this term,[1] although several theories exist. To distinguish the river and the city, Russians usually call the river Moskva-reka instead of just Moskva. HydrologyThe river is {{convert|503|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, with a vertical drop of {{convert|155|m|ft|abbr=on}} (long-term average). The area of its drainage basin is {{convert|17,600|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The maximum depth is {{convert|3|m|ft}} above Moscow city limits, and up to {{convert|6|m|ft}} below it.[2] Normally, it freezes in November–December and begins to thaw around late March. In Moscow, the river freezes occasionally;{{contradiction-inline|date=October 2013}} during an unusually warm winter in 2006–2007, ice began melting on January 25. The absolute water level in downtown Moscow is {{convert|120|m|ft}} above sea level (long-term average of summer lows after World War II); a historical maximum of {{convert|127.25|m|ft}} above sea level was set by the 1908 flood.[3] Sources of waterThe main tributaries are the Ruza, Istra, Yauza, Pakhra, and Severka rivers. Sources of water are estimated as 61% thaw, 12% rain and 27% subterranean. Since completion of the Moscow Canal (1932–1937), the Moskva River has also collected a share of Upper Volga water. This has enabled reliable commercial shipping, which was previously interrupted by summer droughts (older dams built in 1785, 1836 and 1878 were not effective). The average discharge, including Volga waters, varies from {{convert|38|m³/s|abbr=on}} near Zvenigorod to {{convert|250|m³/s|abbr=on}} at the Oka inlet. The speed of the current, depending on the season, varies from {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}} (winter, dams closed) to {{convert|1.5|-|2.0|m/s|abbr=on}} (May, dams open). Cities and townsMoscow ({{lang|ru|Москва́}}), the capital of Russia, is situated on its banks. The river also flows through the towns of Mozhaysk, Zvenigorod, Zhukovsky, Bronnitsy, Voskresensk, and — at the confluence of the Moskva and Oka — Kolomna. As of 2007, there are 49 bridges across the Moskva River and its canals within Moscow city limits; the first stone bridge, Bolshoi Kamennyi Bridge, was erected in 1692. Within the city, the river is {{convert|120|-|200|m}} wide, the narrowest point being under the Kremlin walls. Drinking water for the city of Moscow is collected from five stations on the Moskva River and from the Upper Volga reservoirs (north and north-west of the city). IslandsCanals, built within Moscow city limits, have created a number of islands. Some of them have names in Russian, some have none. Major, permanent islands (west to east) are:
RecreationThere is a fleet of river ice-breaker cruisers which ply routes from moorings at the Hotel Ukraine and Gorky Park to the Novospassky Monastery and back. Duration of trips ranges from 1.5 to 3 hours.[4] References{{Portal|Moscow|Russia}}{{Commons category|Moskva River}}1. ^{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|last=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|year=2010|isbn=978-951-583-212-2|location=Helsinki|pages=19}} 2. ^All numerical data: Russian: Энциклопедия "Москва", M, 1997 (Encyclopedia of Moscow, Moscow, 1997) 3. ^Russian: Носарев В.А., Скрябина, Т.А., "Мосты Москвы", М, "Вече", 2004, стр.194 (Bridges of Moscow, 2004, p.194) {{ISBN|5-9533-0183-9}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gudok.ru/transport/vodniy/news.php?ID=332409 |script-title=ru:Москвичи смогут поплавать на ледоколах |date=2009-11-13 |work=Water transport |publisher=[Gudok.ru] |language=Russian |accessdate=21 November 2009 |location=Moscow, Russia |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082812/http://www.gudok.ru/transport/vodniy/news.php?ID=332409 |archivedate=July 26, 2011 }} External links
4 : Rivers of Moscow Oblast|Rivers of Smolensk Oblast|Rivers of Moscow|Volga basin |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。