| 词条 | Mossos d'Esquadra | ||||||||||
| 释义 |
|agencyname = Police of the Generalitat of Catalonia – Mossos d'Esquadra |nativename = Policia de la Generalitat de Catalunya – Mossos d'Esquadra |nativenamea = |nativenamer = |commonname = Mossos d'Esquadra |abbreviation = Mossos |fictional = |patch = |patchcaption = |logo = Mossos d'Esquadra.svg |logocaption = |badge = |badgecaption = |flag = |flagcaption = |imagesize = |motto = |mottotranslated = |formedyear = 1721, as squads 1874–1939 / 1950–1983 as guards of the premises of the Delegation of Barcelona 1983 as autonomous police of Catalonia |formedmonthday = |preceding1 = Esquadres de Catalunya |preceding2 = |dissolved = |superseding = |employees = |volunteers = |budget = |legalpersonality = |country = Spain |countryabbr = |national = |federal = |international = |divtype = Autonomous Community |divname = {{flag|Catalonia}} |divdab = |subdivtype = |subdivname = |subdivdab = |map = Catalonia location map.svg |mapcaption = |sizearea = 32,114 km² |sizepopulation = 7,508,106 |legaljuris = Catalonia |governingbody = Generalitat de Catalunya |governingbodyscnd = |constitution1 = Act 19/1983 |police = Yes |local = Yes |military = |provost = |gendarmerie = |religious = |speciality1 = |secret = |overviewtype = |overviewbody = Directorate-General of Police |headquarters = Egara Central Complex, 08206 Sabadell (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain |hqlocmap = |hqlocmapwidth = |hqlocmapheight = |hqlocmapborder = |hqlocleft = |hqloctop = |hqlocmappoptitle = |sworntype = Mosso |sworn = 16,869 |unsworntype = |unsworn = |multinational = |electeetype = Minister (Conseller) |minister1name = Miquel Buch i Moya |minister1pfo = Minister of the Interior of Catalonia |chief1name = Office |chief1position = Director General |chief2name = Office – |chief2position = Deputy Director |parentagency = |child1agency = |unittype = |unitname = |officetype = |officename = |provideragency = |uniformedas = |stationtype = |stations = 92 |airbases = |lockuptype = |lockups = |vehicle1type = |vehicles1 = |boat1type = |boats1 = |aircraft1type = |aircraft1 = |animal1type = |animals1 = |person1name = |person1reason = |person1type = |programme1 = |activity1name = |activitytype = |anniversary1 = |award1 = |patronsaint = |website = {{url|http://www.mossos.cat}} |footnotes = |reference = }} The Mossos d'Esquadra ({{IPA-ca|ˈmosuz ðəsˈkwaðɾə}}; in English: Troopers, literally "Squad Lads", "Squaddies") are the autonomous police force of Catalonia, largely replacing the Spanish Policía Nacional and Guardia Civil. The force was founded in 1721 and named in the 19th century. HistoryOn 21 July 1950 the Deputation of Barcelona was authorised to create a small security force using the historical title Mossos d'Esquadra. These new Mossos were a militarized corps having little similarity to the earlier incarnations, with limited powers and small numbers, which was in charge of protecting the government buildings of the Province of Barcelona. With the return of democracy to Spain, the Mossos d'Esquadra grew in number and powers. Since 25 October 1980 the force has been under the authority of the Generalitat de Catalunya (the Government of Catalonia). Previous Catalan forcesThe Escuadras de Paisanos, later known as the Esquadres de Catalunya, (and informally known as the Mossos d'Esquadra), were men-at-arms who had fought as irregulars in the War of the Spanish Succession, and were brought together by the mayor of the town of Valls near Tarragona between 1719–1721. The corps was constituted as a militia to provide security to trade routes and fairs. It was created as a complement to the regular troops of the Bourbon army, which opposed the Miquelets, who survived as rebel supporters of Archduke Charles. It was manned by local people, who had to speak Catalan and be familiar with the paths, caves and hiding places in the area. It was eventually placed under military jurisdiction but was less centralised than the Spanish police force (then known as the 'Intendencia General de Policía') formed in 1817, or the yet-to-be-established ‘Guardia Civil’, both of which were systematically deployed away from their home regions, and thus strangers to the places where they served. Throughout the centuries it has passed back and forth from Catalan authority to Spanish military command several times. They were dissolved in 1868 by General Prim after the fall of Queen Isabella II of Spain, since the Mossos had always been royalists. They were reinstated in 1876 under the reign of Isabella's son king Alfonso XII of Spain, but only in the province of Barcelona. Under his son Alfonso XIII of Spain, the Mossos were not well regarded in Catalonia, especially by the Commonwealth of Catalonia, who paid them but had no control over them. They flourished, though, under Primo de Rivera's dictatorship. When the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed, however, the Mossos sided with the Generalitat de Catalunya. After the Spanish Civil War, the last Mossos left Catalonia with the President of the Generalitat, and the corps was dissolved by the Francoist authorities. Current roleThe Mossos d'Esquadra have now replaced Spain's Guardia Civil and National Police within the territory of Catalonia. This process of substitution began in 1994 and was completed in 2008.[1] In November 2005, the Mossos took full duties in the city of Barcelona. The Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (Catalan: Estatut d’Autonomia de Catalunya) defines that the scope of action of the Generalitat Police Force – Mossos d'Esquadra is the whole of the Catalan territory, and states that it exercises all the functions of a police force in the following fields:[2]
The Mossos d'Esquadra are a police force of the Spanish state placed under the authority of the Generalitat de Catalunya within the territory of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The Policia Nacional and the Guardia Civil, on the other hand, are commanded directly by the Spanish ministry of the interior. They keep some officers in Catalonia to support the fight against terrorism, to handle identity documents, immigration and other limited responsibilities of the central government.[3] However, when there was a dispute between the governments of Catalonia and of Spain about Catalonia becoming independent, and the Catalonian government called a referendum for 1 October 2017, the Spanish government sent thousands of members of the national Guardia Civil and Spanish National Police to Barcelona and Girona with the intention of preventing voting,[4] as the referendum was illegal according to the sentence of the Spanish Constitutional Court. The Mossos are trained in the Institut de Seguretat Pública de Catalunya (Public Safety Institute of Catalonia), which also trains local police officers.
Armament and diverse materialThis area has a large quantity and variety of weapons. Each of the weapons is assigned only to one GEI The long list includes:
Of course, other elements such as helmets, protection goggles, various types of vests (bullets, antitrauma ...), various defenses (the traditional "porra", the extensible ...), ariets to burst doors, bulleted shielded shields, "SWAT cam" (extensible cameras that let you check if someone is in a room before entering), and many others. In the most common interventions each one is equipped with a sub-machine gun and two pistols. Vehicles
Controversies and legal casesControversies related to the Mossos d'Esquadra include:
GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gencat.net/mossos/cme/desplegapdf/despleg.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706214439/http://www.gencat.cat/mossos/cme/desplegapdf/despleg.pdf |archivedate=6 July 2011 |language=Catalan |location=Catalonia, Spain |publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya |title=El desplegament de la Policia de la Generalitat – Mossos d’Esquadra |trans-title=The deployment of Police of the Generalitat – Catalan police |format=PDF |date=November 2006}} 2. ^Statue of Autonomy of Catalonia 2006, Article 164.5 on Public Security – http://web.gencat.cat/en/generalitat/estatut/estatut2006/titol_4/ 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gencat.net/mossos/cme/organitzacio/contingutpdf/FuncPGME.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227170603/http://www.gencat.net/mossos/cme/organitzacio/contingutpdf/FuncPGME.pdf |archivedate=27 February 2008 |title=Funcions de la Policia de la Generalitat – Mossos d’Esquadra |trans-title=Functions of the Police of the Generalitat – Catalan police |format=PDF |language=Catalan |location=Catalonia, Spain |publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya |accessdate=20 April 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41426023 |title=Catalonia referendum defies Spanish obstruction|website=BBC News|date=30 September 2017|author= |accessdate= 30 September 2017}} 5. ^http://governacio.gencat.cat/web/.content/funcio_publica/documents/empleats_publics/retribucions/2016/Mossos-2016.pdf 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2008/11/26/espana/1227654009_850215.html|title=Seis años de cárcel para tres 'mossos' por torturas y lesiones a un detenido|last=País|first=Ediciones El|date=2008-11-26|work=El País|access-date=2018-08-31|language=es|issn=1134-6582}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-15-12-2009/abc/Catalunya/el-ts-rebaja-la-pena-a-los-mossos-condenados-por-torturas-a-un-detenido_1132540725667.html|title=El TS rebaja la pena a los "mossos" condenados por torturas a un detenido {{!}} Cataluña {{!}} Cataluña – Abc.es|last=ABC|website=ABC|access-date=2018-08-31}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.larazon.es/historico/1051-el-gobierno-indulta-de-nuevo-a-cuatro-mossos-condenados-por-torturas-JLLA_RAZON_504479|title=El Gobierno indulta de nuevo a cuatro Mossos condenados por torturas|last=Razón|first=La|work=www.larazon.es|access-date=2018-08-31|language=es-ES}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.es/espana/catalunya/abci-suspense-juicio-contra-mossos-muerte-detenido-pegaron-201605090855_noticia.html|title=Los mossos del "caso Benítez" acuerdan a última hora una pena mínima para librarse de la cárcel|work=abc|access-date=2018-08-31|language=es-ES}} External links{{commons category|Mossos d'Esquadra}}
2 : Catalan law|Regional law enforcement agencies of Spain |
||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。