| 词条 | Tom Bolton (astronomer) |
| 释义 |
| name = Charles Thomas Bolton | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = 1943 | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | ethnicity = | fields = Astronomy | workplaces = David Dunlap Observatory, University of Toronto | alma_mater = | education = | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = Evidence for Stellar-mass black holes | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada | religion = | signature = | footnotes = }}Charles Thomas Bolton (born 1943) is an American astronomer who was one of the first astronomers to present strong evidence of the existence of a stellar-mass black hole.[1][2] Early life and educationTom Bolton was born in Camp Forrest, a military base in Tullahoma, Tennessee.[1] He received his Bachelor's in 1966 from the University of Illinois, followed by a 1968 Master's and a 1970 doctoral degrees from the University of Michigan.[1] CareerBolton then worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the David Dunlap Observatory, teaching there until 1972.[1] He taught at Scarborough College from 1971 to 1972, and at Erindale College from 1972 to 1973, but since 1973, has been affiliated with the University of Toronto astronomy department,[1] where he is now an emeritus professor.[3] In 1970, Bolton developed the first computer models for stellar spectra that were precise enough to compare with data from real stars.[1] In 1971, as a post-doctoral fellow and part-time faculty member studying binary systems at the Dunlap Observatory,[4][5] Bolton observed star HDE 226868 wobble as if it were orbiting around an invisible but massive companion emitting powerful X-rays,[1][6] independently of the work by Louise Webster and Paul Murdin, at the Royal Greenwich Observatory.[7] Further analysis gave an estimate about the amount of mass needed for the gravitational pull, which proved to be too much for a neutron star. After more observations confirmed the results, by 1973, the astronomical community generally recognized black hole Cygnus X-1, lying in the plane of the Milky Way galaxy at a galactic latitude of about 3 degrees.[1][8][9][10] In 1985, Bolton and Douglas Gies showed that hot, massive "runaway OB stars" (stars that travel at an abnormally high velocity relative to the surrounding interstellar medium), could be accelerated through stellar interactions within star clusters, in addition to being ejected from binary systems after supernova explosions.[11][1] Bolton was instrumental in passing the first light pollution regulation Canada, a 1995 bylaw to limit light pollution in the town Richmond Hill, Ontario, home of the David Dunlap Observatory.[1][12] Awards and recognitionBolton is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.[1] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web | url = http://astro-canada.ca/_en/a2214.php | title = Charles Thomas Bolton (1943- ) | publisher = Virtual Museum of Canada | accessdate = 2007-07-05 }} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bolton, Tom}}2. ^{{Cite book|contribution=Tom Bolton, Astronomer: Discoverer of the First Black Hole|title=Canadian Scientists and Inventors: Biographies of People Who Shaped Our World|last=Black|first=Harry|publisher=Pembroke Publishers Limited|year=2008|pages=24–27|isbn=978-1-55138-222-7}}. 3. ^Faculty profile {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120718182748/http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/people/faculty/memberinfo_view?userId=bolton|date=2012-07-18}}, U. of Toronto Astronomy and Astrophysics Dept. 4. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/02autumn/blackhole.asp | title = The proof is out there | first = Kritine | last = Culp | publisher = University of Toronto Magazine | accessdate = 2008-07-06 }} 5. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/technology/quirks-blog/2008/04/black_holes_the_canadian_conne.html | title = Black holes: The Canadian connection | work = Quirks and Quarks | publisher = CBC | date = 2008-04-18 | accessdate = 2008-07-05 }} 6. ^{{cite journal | last=Bolton | first=C. T. | year=1972 | title=Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868 | journal=Nature | volume=235 | issue=5336 | pages=271–273 | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v235/n5336/abs/235271b0.html | accessdate=2008-03-10 | doi=10.1038/235271b0 | bibcode=1972Natur.235..271B}} 7. ^{{cite journal | last=Webster | first=B. Louise |author2=Murdin, Paul | title=Cygnus X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion? | journal=Nature | year=1972 | volume=235 | issue=5332 | pages=37–38 | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v235/n5332/abs/235037a0.html | accessdate=2008-03-10 | doi=10.1038/235037a0 | bibcode=1972Natur.235...37W}} 8. ^{{cite web | last=Rolston | first=Bruce | date=November 10, 1997 | url=http://news.utoronto.ca/bin/bulletin/nov10_97/art4.htm | title=The First Black Hole | publisher=University of Toronto | accessdate=2008-03-11 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080307181205/http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin/bulletin/nov10_97/art4.htm |archivedate = 2008-03-07}} 9. ^{{cite journal | last=Shipman | first=H. L. | title=The implausible history of triple star models for Cygnus X-1 Evidence for a black hole | journal=Astrophysical Letters | year=1975 | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=9–12 | bibcode=1975ApL....16....9S | doi=10.1016/S0304-8853(99)00384-4}} 10. ^{{cite journal | last=Gursky | first=H. | year=1971 |author2=Gorenstein, P. |author3=Kerr, F. J. |author4= Grayzeck, E. J. | bibcode=1971ApJ...167L..15G | title=The Estimated Distance to Cygnus X-1 Based on its Low-Energy X-Ray Spectrum | journal=Astrophysical Journal | volume=167 | pages=L15 | doi=10.1086/180751 }} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Gies|first=D. R.|last2=Bolton|first2=C. T.|date=1986|title=The binary frequency and origin of the OB runaway stars|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ApJS...61..419G|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|language=en|volume=61|pages=419|doi=10.1086/191118|issn=0067-0049|via=}} 12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/20/lights_out_for_pollution.html|title=Lights out for pollution {{!}} The Star|work=thestar.com|access-date=2018-10-30|language=en}} 8 : 1943 births|Living people|American astronomers|Canadian astronomers|University of Toronto Mississauga faculty|University of Toronto Scarborough faculty|Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada|University of Michigan alumni |
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