| 词条 | Tom Frieden |
| 释义 |
|name = Tom Frieden |image = Thomas Frieden official CDC portrait.jpg |office = Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |president = Barack Obama |term_start = June 8, 2009 |term_end = January 20, 2017 |predecessor = Julie Gerberding |successor = Brenda Fitzgerald |office1 = Commissioner of Health of the City of New York |1blankname1 = Mayor |1namedata1 = Michael Bloomberg |term_start1 = January 2002 |term_end1 = May 18, 2009 |predecessor1 = Neal Cohen |successor1 = Tom Farley |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|12|7}} |birth_place = New York City, New York, U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = Democratic |education = Oberlin College {{small|(BA)}} Columbia University {{small|(MPH, MD)}} }}Thomas R. Frieden is an American infectious disease and public health expert, former director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry from 2009 to 2017, appointed by President Barack Obama.[1] As a commissioner of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene from 2002 to 2009 he came to some prominence for banning smoking and trans fat served in the city's restaurants. EducationFrieden was born and raised in New York City. His father, Julian Frieden, was chief of coronary care at Montefiore Hospital and New Rochelle Hospitals in New York. He is of Jewish ancestry. [2] Frieden attended Oberlin College graduating with a BA in philosophy in 1982.[3] He was a community organizer for the Center for Health Services at Vanderbilt University in 1982, before he started studying medicine at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and graduated in 1986. At the same time he attended Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and obtained an MPH in 1985. He completed a residency in internal medicine at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center 1986 - 1989 followed by a one-year infectious diseases fellowship from 1989 - 1990 at Yale School of Medicine and Yale–New Haven Hospital.[4] CareerCDC, New York City Department of Health, WHO, 1990-2002From 1990 to 1992, Frieden worked as an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer assigned by CDC in New York City.[4][5][6] From 1992 to 1996,[7] he was assistant commissioner of health and director of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, fostering public awareness and helping to improve city, state and federal public funding for TB control.[8][9] The New York City epidemic was controlled rapidly, reducing overall incidence by nearly half and cutting multidrug-resistant tuberculosis by 80%.[10] The city's program became a model for tuberculosis control nationally and globally.[11][12] From 1995 to 2001, Frieden worked as a technical advisor for the World Bank, health and population offices.[13] From 1996 to 2002, Frieden worked in India, as a medical officer for the World Health Organization on loan from the CDC. He helped the government of India implement the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program.[14][15][16][17] The program's 2008 status report estimated that the nationwide program resulted in 8 million treatments and 1.4 million lives saved.[18] While in India, Frieden worked to establish a network of Indian physicians to help India's state and local governments implement the program[19] and helped the Tuberculosis Research Center in Chennai, India, establish a program to monitor the impact of tuberculosis control services.[20][21] New York City Health Commissioner, 2002 to 2009Frieden served as Commissioner of Health of the City of New York from 2002 to 2009. At the time of his appointment, the agency employed 6,000 staff and had an annual budget of $1.6 billion.[22]{{rp|8}} During Frieden's tenure as Commissioner, the Health Department expanded the collection and use of epidemiological data,[23] launching an annual Community Health Survey[24] and the nation's first community-based Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.[25][26] Tobacco control, 2002 onwardUpon his appointment as Commissioner of Health, Frieden made tobacco control a priority,[27] resulting in a rapid decline[28] after a decade of no change in smoking rates. Frieden established a system to monitor the city's smoking rates, and worked with New York City Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg to increase tobacco taxes, ban smoking in workplaces including restaurants and bars, and run aggressive anti-tobacco ads and help smokers quit.[29] The program reduced smoking prevalence among New York City adults from 21% in 2002 to 17% in 2007 which represented 300,000 fewer smokers.[28][30] Smoking prevalence among New York City teens declined even more sharply, from 17.6% in 2001 to 8.5% in 2007, which was less than half the national rate.[31] The workplace smoking ban prompted spirited debate before the New York City Council passed it and Mayor Bloomberg signed it into law.[32] Over time, the measure gained broad acceptance by the public and business community in New York City.[33][34] New York City's 2003 workplace smoking ban followed that of California in 1994. Frieden supported increased cigarette taxes as a means of forcing smokers to quit, saying "tobacco taxes are the most effective way to reduce tobacco use."[22]{{rp|23–38}} He supported the 62-cent federal tax on each cigarette pack sold in the United States, introduced in April 2009.[35] One side effect of the increased taxes on tobacco in New York was a large increase in cigarette smuggling into the state from other states with much lower taxes, such as Virginia. The Tax Foundation estimated that "60.9% of cigarettes sold in New York State are smuggled in from other states".[36] In addition, some New Yorkers began to make their own cigarettes, and tobacco trucks were even hijacked. A 2009 Justice Department study found that "The incentive to profit by evading payment of taxes rises with each tax rate hike imposed by federal, state, and local governments".[37] Waiving written consent for HIV testing, 2004Frieden introduced the city's first comprehensive health policy, Take Care New York, which targeted ten leading causes of preventable illness and death for public and personal action.[38][39] By 2007, New York City had made measurable progress in eight of the ten priority areas.[40] As Health Commissioner, Frieden sought to fight HIV and AIDS with public health principles used successfully to control other communicable diseases.[41] A very controversial aspect was the proposal to eliminate separate written consent for HIV testing. He believed the measure would encourage physicians to offer HIV tests during routine medical care,[42] as the CDC recommended.[43] Some community and civil liberties advocates fought this legislation, arguing it would undermine patients' rights and lead eventually to forced HIV testing.[44][45] In 2010, New York State passed a new law that eased the requirement for separate written consent in some circumstances.[46] On February 14, 2007, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene introduced the NYC Condom,[47][48] prompting Catholic League president Bill Donohue to respond, "What's next? The city's own brand of clean syringes?"[49] More than 36 million condoms were given away by the program in 2007.[50] Diabetes test result reporting, 2006Frieden worked to raise awareness about diabetes in New York City, particularly among pregnant women,[51] and established an involuntary, non-disclosed hemoglobin A1C diabetes registry which tracks patients' blood sugar control over several months and reports the information to treating physicians to help them provide better care.[52][53] The New York City Board of Health's December 2005 decision[54] to require laboratories to report A1C test results generated a heated debate among civil libertarians, who viewed it as a violation of medical privacy and an intrusion into the doctor-patient relationship. Although patients may elect not to receive information from the program, there is no provision enabling patients to opt out of having their glycemic control data entered in the database.[55]{{Year needed|date=January 2018}}[56] Transfat plan, 2006In September 2006, the city proposed to restrict trans fat served in New York restaurants. [57]CDC Director, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Administrator, 2009-2017In May 2009, the White House and the Department of Health and Human Services named Frieden director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; positions he assumed his position in June 2009, from the acting head Richard E. Besser.[58] Frieden resigned effective January 20, 2017. "On announcing Frieden’s appointment, President Obama called him "an expert in preparedness and response to health emergencies" who in seven years as New York City's health commissioner was "at the forefront of the fight against heart disease, cancer and obesity, infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and AIDS, and in the establishment of electronic health records."[1] Ebola epidemic, 2014Frieden was prominently involved in the US and global response to the West African outbreak of Ebola. His visits to West Africa beginning in August 2014 and a September 2014 CDC analysis projecting that the Ebola epidemic would increase exponentially to infect more than 1 million people within four months[59] prompted him to press for an international surge response.[60] At the peak of the response, CDC maintained approximately 200 staff per day in West Africa and about 400 staff per day at its Atlanta headquarters; overall, about 1,900 CDC staff deployed to international and U.S. locations for about 110,000 total work days, and more than 4,000 CDC staff worked as part of the response.[61] In a Congressional hearing in October 2014, Frieden was asked about his handling of the Ebola crisis after the disease had spread to two nurses from a patient in the US.[62] The day prior, Rep. Tom Marino (R-PA) had called for Frieden's resignation,[63] though others rallied to his defense.[64][65] Resolve to Save lives for heart attack and stroke prevention, 2017Frieden started leading an initiative called "Resolve" to save 100 million lives over the next 30 years by preventing heart attacks and strokes. The effort is funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and housed at a nongovernmental organization in New York City.[66] Personal lifeFrieden is married and as of 2010 had 2 children.[67] ProsecutionFrieden turned himself in to New York City police on August 24, 2018, on charges he squeezed the buttocks of a woman.[68] He was charged with one count of forcible touching, one count of sex abuse in the third degree, and one count of harassment in the second degree. The incident, alleged to have occurred on October 20, 2017, was reported to law enforcement in July 2018.[69] Frieden issued a statement shortly after his arrest, stating the groping allegation "does not reflect" his "public or private behavior or his values."[70] PublicationsFrieden has published more than 200 peer reviewed articles. Awards
External references
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Stephen|title=Thomas Frieden And The U.S. Ebola Response|url=http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/10/20/thomas-frieden-and-the-u-s-ebola-response/ |website=healthaffairs.org|publisher=Project HOPE: The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.|accessdate=January 6, 2017}} 65. ^{{cite news|last1=Gottlieb|first1=Scott|title=In The Ebola Fight, A Defense Of Embattled CDC Chief Thomas Frieden |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottgottlieb/2014/10/17/in-the-ebola-fight-a-defense-of-embattled-cdc-chief-thomas-frieden/#109721244dc6|accessdate=January 6, 2017|work=Forbes|date=October 17, 2014}} 66. ^Betsy McKay [https://www.wsj.com/articles/former-cdc-director-frieden-takes-aim-at-heart-disease-epidemics-1505228416Former CDC Director Frieden Takes Aim at Heart Disease, Epidemics] WSJ, 12 September 2017 67. ^Gardiner Harris [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/health/16prof.html Obama’s C.D.C. Director, Wielding a Big Broom] NYT, MARCH 15, 2010 68. ^{{cite news |last1=Berman |first1=Mark |last2=Goldstein |first2=Amy |title=Former CDC director Dr. Tom Frieden arrested on sexual misconduct allegations |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2018/08/24/former-cdc-chief-tom-frieden-arrested-in-new-york-accused-of-groping/|accessdate=24 August 2018 |work=Washington Post}} 69. ^{{cite news |last1=Morales |first1=Mark |title=Former CDC head Tom Frieden charged with forcibly touching woman |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/24/health/frieden-cdc-arrest-forcibly-touching/index.html |accessdate=24 August 2018 |publisher=CNN}} 70. ^{{cite news |title=The Latest: Ex-CDC boss denies woman's groping allegation |url=https://apnews.com/d31be1b949ad471687c67e98e1e17645 |accessdate=24 August 2018 |agency=Associated Press}} |-{{s-bef|before=Julie Gerberding}}{{s-ttl|title=Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|years=2009–2017}}{{s-aft|after=Brenda Fitzgerald}}{{s-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Frieden, Tom}} 12 : 1960 births|Living people|Place of birth missing (living people)|American public health doctors|United States Department of Health and Human Services officials|Obama administration personnel|Commissioners in New York City|Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health alumni|Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni|Oberlin College alumni|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention people|Commissioners of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene |
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