“Mount Bonnell”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mount Bonnell {{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˈ|n|ɛ|l}}, also known as Covert Park, is a prominent point alongside the Lake Austin portion of the Colorado River in Austin, Texas. It has been a popular tourist destination since the 1850s.^[1]^[2] The mount provides a vista for viewing the city of Austin, Lake Austin, and the surrounding hills.^[3] It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1969, bearing Marker number 6473,^[4] and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.

Geography

Mount Bonnell is located at 30.3210°N, 97.7736°W (WGS 84 datum). The mount is often described as the highest point in Austin, with the elevation at its peak about 775 feet above mean sea level (AMSL).^[5] If Mount Bonnell ever held this distinction, it was only because the city limits did not include the next summit to the north, Mount Barker, which has an elevation of about 840 feet above mean sea level (AMSL).^[6] Many other areas now in the city of Austin are also higher than Mount Bonnell, but few publicly accessible spots offer such a sweeping view of the downtown area.

History

Mount Bonnell's Indian Trail

A historical marker was placed at Mount Bonnell in 1969 by State Historical Survey Committee.^[7] The marker reads:

Years after Bigfoot Wallace's refuge in the cave on Mount Bonnell, when asked why he had chosen the cave as a refuge, he responded "Well .. the cave was right on the old Indian trail leading down to Austin, and I thought I would be able to keep my hand in by 'upping' one now and then; and besides, the cave was in the best hunting ground for bear in all this country.."^[8]

Julia Lee Sinks

Julia L. Sinks, author and historian, was an early settler to Austin, arriving in the spring of 1840. Before meeting and marrying George Sinks, chief clerk of the Post Office Department during the Republic years, she lived on West Pecan, present day 6th street, and later wrote "Our home was on the beaten track of the Indians into town from the pass of Mount Bonnell. The knolls beyond the quarry branch were interspersed with timber, and sometimes though not often, we would see galloping past the open spaces beyond the blanketed Indian. The path along the quarry branch, secluded as it was, became their main inlet to the town. It was a sheltered road, never traveled at night by whites, so the Indians claimed right of way, and all full moons brought moccasin tracks in abundance".^[9]

Indian Depredations of Texas

If Mount Bonnell was on an Indian trail into Austin, it was also a trail out, as illustrated in another story included in Wilbarger's book, Indian Depredations of Texas. In 1842, a Mrs. Simpson living on that very same street as Julia Lee Sinks, West Pecan, about three blocks west of Congress, had two children – a daughter 14, a son 12—abducted by Indians while the children were in the adjacent "valley" (Shoal Creek). Wilbarger says that at that time there were no houses there. The Indians "seized the children, mounted their horses and made off for the mountains .. going in the direction of Mt. Bonnell". A posse was raised and gave pursuit. Wilbarger then says "At one time the citizens came within sight of the redskins just before reaching Mt. Bonnell, but the Indians, after arriving at the place, passed on just beyond to the top of the mountain, which being rocky, the citizens lost the trail and were never able to find where the savages went down the mountain".

The Simpson girl was killed, but the boy survived and was later "traded off to some Indian traders, who returned him to his mother". It is because the boy survived and was returned home that we know what happened after the posse lost the trail of the Indians on Mount Bonnell. From Mt. Bonnell they stopped at Spicewood Springs, "which is situated in the edge of the mountains". This is where the Simpson girl was killed.^[10] Spicewood Springs is located about 5 miles north of Mount Bonnell, at the present day intersections of Mopac Expressway and Spicewood Springs Road.

Origin of the name

Mount Bonnell is generally believed to have been named after early Texas newspaper publisher George W. Bonnell,^[5] who moved to Texas in 1836. George W. Bonnell was publisher of the local paper The Texas Sentinel and was prominent in early Texas and Travis County (Austin) affairs after the War for Independence.^[11] Though sources have long credited George Bonnell as the mountain's namesake, Albert Sidney Johnston^[12] may have named Mount Bonnell in present-day Austin for his friend and fellow West Point graduate Joseph Bonnell,^[11]^[13] who was a Captain in the Texas Army during the War for Independence.^[14] There is little contemporaneous evidence to support either derivation of the name.

Legend has it that Mount Bonnell was once called Antoinette's Leap, after a young woman who leaped to her death to avoid being captured by Native Americans who had killed her fiancé.^[5]

Geology

Mt. Bonnell forms part of the Balcones Fault Escarpment and these "balconies" were first described by Bernardo de Miranda in 1756.^[15] The lower Cretaceous Glen Rose Formation limestone outcrops to the west of the fault zone but is buried 1000 feet to the east.{{sfnp|Spearing|1991|p=64}}

A stratigraphic column starts with the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group overlain by the Edwards Group and the Georgetown Formation. Upper Cretaceous formations follow, starting with the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, and then the Eagle Ford Group. Formations within the Trinity Group include the Hammett Formation, Cow Creek Formation, Hensel Formation, and Lower and Upper Glen Rose Formation. The Hammett and the lower portion of the Upper Glen Rose act as confining units (or aquitard) for the Middle Trinity Aquifer. The Upper Glen Rose contains the Upper Trinity Aquifer, which appears to have intra-aquifer groundwater flow with the Edwards Aquifer as water levels are at the same elevation. Formations within the Edwards Group include the Kainier Formation and the Person Formation. The Upper Cretaceous rock units confine the Edwards Aquifer within the group.^[16]

The Mount Bonnell fault has a vertical throw of up to 600 feet, making it the most prominent normal fault within the Balcones Fault Zone. During the Miocene, the Edwards Group was displaced downwards relative to the Glen Rose Formation on the Edwards Plateau, so that they are juxtaposed.^[16]

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=Young|first=Kimberly|title=Adventure Guide to Texas|publisher=Hunter Publishing|year=1998| isbn=978-1-55650-812-7|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2c8Zsn5yZEC&pg=PA14}}
2. ^{{cite news|last=Gonzalez|first=Esther|title=Austin proves interesting site for date trip|publisher=Plainview Daily Herald|date=March 27, 2004 |url=http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=11194708&BRD=517&PAG=461&dept_id=473182&rfi=6}}
3. ^{{cite journal |date=June 1979 |publisher=Emmis Communications |title=Austin: Outdoors |journal=Texas Monthly |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ly4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Mount Bonnell|url=http://www.9key.com/markers/marker_detail.asp?atlas_number=5453006473&search_term=mormon|work=Recorded Texas Historic Landmark|publisher=William Nienke, Sam Morrow}}
5. ^¹²{{Handbook of Texas|id=rjm28|name=Mount Bonnell |author=Seldon B. Graham, Jr. |date=July 20, 2015}}
6. ^{{Handbook of Texas|id=rjm27|name=Mount Barker |author=Seldon B. Graham, Jr. |date=March 09, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Denney |title=Mount Bonnell|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=20136|publisher=The Historic Marker Database Organization|date=June 21, 2009}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Wilbarger|first=J.W.|title=Indian Depredations in Texas|year=1889|publisher=Hutchings Print House|location=Austin, TX|page=665}}
9. ^Kerr, Jeffrey, and Ray Spivey. The Republic of Austin. AUSTIN, TEXAS: WATERLOO, 2010. Kerr is quoting materials from the Julia Lee Sinks Papers, 1817, [ca. 1840]-1904, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
10. ^{{cite book|last=Wilbarger|first=J.W.|title=Indian Depredations in Texas|year=1889|publisher=Hutchings Printing House|location=Austin, TX|page=139}}
11. ^¹{{Handbook of Texas|id=fbo17|name=George William Bonnell |author=L. W. Kemp |date=June 12, 2010}}
12. ^{{Handbook of Texas|id=fjo32|name=Albert Sidney Johnston |author=Jeanette H. Flachmeier |date=March 13, 2013}}
13. ^{{Handbook of Texas|id=fboat|name=Joseph Bonnell |author=Seldon B. Graham, Jr. |date=June 24, 2015}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=Mount Bonnell named for wrong Bonnell, West Point group says|first=Andrew |last=Weber|newspaper=Austin American-Statesman|location=Austin, Texas|date=September 25, 2011 |page=B1}}
15. ^{{cite book|last=Spearing|first=Darwin|title=Roadside Geology of Texas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxXwAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1|year=1991|publisher=Mountain Press Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-87842-265-4|page=63 |ref=harv}}
16. ^¹{{Cite journal|title=Geophysical mapping of Mount Bonnell fault of Balcones fault zone and its implications on Trinity-Edwards Aquifer interconnection, central Texas, USA|journal=The Leading Edge|publisher=Society of Exploration Geophysicists|volume=35|number=9|pages=752–758|doi=10.1190/tle35090752.1|date=September 2016|last=Saribudak|first=Mustafa|url=http://library.seg.org/doi/abs/10.1190/tle35090752.1|accessdate=12 September 2016}}
17. ^{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Robert T. |editor-last=Dumble |editor-first=E.T.|title=Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iugbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA105|edition=1889|year=1890|publisher=State Printing Office|location=Austin, Texas|page=134|chapter=A brief description of the Cretaceous rocks of Texas and their economic uses}}