词条 | Tornadoes in New England | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Tornadoes are fairly uncommon in the US region of New England. Fewer tornadoes are recorded here than anywhere else east of the Rocky Mountains.[1] However, these deadly and destructive storms do occur; on average, about eight tornadoes are reported in the region each year. Almost 200 people have been killed by these storms in recorded history, and two of the ten most destructive tornadoes in US history occurred in this region. Climatology{{see also|Tornado climatology}}
Tornadoes are a violent weather phenomenon that occur most often in the United States, to the east of the Rocky Mountains. However, they most often occur in the Southern and Central United States, and are comparatively rare in New England. However, no region is immune to tornadoes if the weather conditions are right.[2] While tornadoes have been recorded in almost every county in New England, there is a region just east of The Berkshires with a much higher concentration of tornado occurrences. This area is analogous to the Tornado Alley of the Great Plains, but on a much smaller scale.[1][3] On average (1950–2008), more than two tornadoes per year strike the state of Massachusetts alone, with New England as a whole recording more than 8.[1][3] Most tornadoes reported in the region are "weak", rated EF0 or EF1 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale (the Fujita scale prior to 2007). Around 30% are "significant" tornadoes (rated EF2 or greater), and only 1% are violent (rated EF4 or EF5, the highest damage rating). Weak tornadoes occur in all areas of New England, but EF3 or greater tornadoes have been reported only in New England's practical "Tornado Alley" of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and southern New Hampshire.[3] Peak tornado activity in New England occurs during the summer months of June, July and August. Tornadoes typically strike between 3 and 9 pm local time, and move at a forward speed of around {{convert|30|mph|km/h}}.[4] Notable tornadoesDeadliestThere have been 34 killer tornadoes in New England's recorded history.[3][5] Several of these tornadoes have killed people:
Only two tornadoes in the history of New England have killed more than 10 people: the 1953 Worcester Tornado and the 1878 Wallingford tornado. The Worcester Tornado killed as many as 94 people in Worcester, Massachusetts, on June 9, 1953, and the Wallingford Tornado killed as many as 34 in Wallingford, Connecticut, on August 8, 1878. These two tornadoes, both estimated to be of F4 intensity on the Fujita scale, killed more people than the rest of the tornadoes in the region's recorded history combined. Since most New England tornadoes are weak and short-lived, it is understandable why tornadoes causing fatalities are a rare occurrence. Costliest{{See also|Template:10 costliest US tornadoes}}Of the costliest tornadoes in US history (adjusted for inflation), two occurred in New England: The 1979 Windsor Locks, Connecticut tornado, which caused $200 million in damage (${{Inflation|US|200|1979|r=0}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}} USD), and the 1953 Worcester tornado, which caused $52 million in damage (${{Inflation|US|52|1953|r=0}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}} USD).[20] The Worcester tornado damaged or destroyed thousands of homes over a wide swath of central Massachusetts; the Windsor Locks tornado by contrast had a relatively small damage path, but it caused significant damage to parts of Bradley International Airport, including the New England Air Museum, where dozens of expensive and historic aircraft were damaged or destroyed, leading to the large damage figure.[21] See also
References1. ^1 2 Zielinski and Keim, p. 200 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0602/Massachusetts-tornado-What-are-deadly-tornadoes-doing-way-up-in-New-England|title=Massachusetts tornado: What are deadly tornadoes doing way up in New England?|author=Pete Spotts|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|date=2011-06-02|accessdate=2011-07-04}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url= http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms|title= NCDC Storm Events|accessdate= 2008-05-13|year= 2008|publisher= National Climatic Data Center|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060417224134/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms|archivedate= 2006-04-17|df= }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/gyx/aware_thu.txt |title=Severe Weather Awareness - Tornadoes |publisher=National Weather Service |location=Gray, Maine |date=May 5, 2011 | accessdate=July 4, 2011}} 5. ^Grazulis, pgs 379, 552–606 6. ^Grazulis, pg. 553 7. ^Grazulis, pg. 556 8. ^Grazulis, pg. 596 9. ^Grazulis, pg. 605 10. ^Grazulis, pg. 653 11. ^Grazulis, pg. 684 12. ^Grazulis, pg. 974 13. ^Grazulis, pg. 1144 14. ^{{cite news |title= Tornado Kills 4, Injures 31 Along Berkshire State Line|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4GhGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FekMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3390,3084969&dq=tornado+kills+4+in+massachusetts&hl=en |newspaper=Schenectady Gazette |location= Schenectady, New York |date= August 29, 1973 |page= 1 |accessdate= 2011-06-16}} 15. ^Grazulis, pg. 1215 16. ^Grazulis, pg. 1216 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/aly/Research/terrain529.pdf |title=Terrain-Influenced Tornadogenesis in the Northeastern United States: An Examination of the 29 May 1995 Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Tornado |author1=Lance F. Bosart |author2=Kenneth LaPenta |author3=Anton Seimon |author4=Michael Dickinson |last-author-amp=yes |publisher=22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms |location=Hyannis, Massachusetts|accessdate=June 20, 2011}} 18. ^{{cite web|work=Storm Prediction Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=2011|accessdate=June 20, 2011|title=Annual Fatal Tornado Summaries|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/torn/fataltorn.html}} 19. ^{{cite web|author=Vivian Yee|publisher=The Boston Globe|date=June 18, 2011|accessdate=June 20, 2011|title=Insurance claims for tornadoes hit $140m|url=http://articles.boston.com/2011-06-18/news/29674671_1_recovery-centers-insurance-claims-fema|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406092705/http://articles.boston.com/2011-06-18/news/29674671_1_recovery-centers-insurance-claims-fema|archivedate=April 6, 2012|df=}} 20. ^{{cite journal| last1 = Brooks| first1 = Harold E.| authorlink1 = Harold E. Brooks| last2 = Doswell| first2 = Charles A., III| authorlink2 = Charles A. Doswell III|date=February 2001| title = Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999| journal = Weather and Forecasting| volume = 16| issue = 1| pages = 168–176| location = Boston, Massachusetts| publisher = American Meteorological Society| doi = 10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0168:NDFMTI>2.0.CO;2| accessdate = 2011-06-15| url = http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0434%282001%29016%3C0168%3ANDFMTI%3E2.0.CO%3B2|bibcode = 2001WtFor..16..168B }} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Tornado! |url=http://www.neam.org/tornado1.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19980710071633/http://neam.org/tornado1.htm |publisher=New England Air Museum |location=Windsor Locks, Connecticut |archivedate=1998-07-10 |accessdate=2011-06-15 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Book References
3 : Lists of tornadoes in the United States|Geography of New England|Tornadoes in the United States |
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