| 词条 | Totozoquean languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Totozoquean |acceptance=proposed |region=Mexico |familycolor=American |family=Proposed language family; perhaps related to Huavean |child1=Totonac–Tepehua |child2=Mixe–Zoque |child3=Chitimacha |glotto=none |map= Totozoquean languages.png |mapcaption= }}Totozoquean is a proposed language family of Mesoamerica, originally consisting of two well-established genetic groupings, Totonacan and Mixe–Zoque. The erstwhile isolate Chitimacha was later proposed to be a member. The closest relatives of Totozoquean may be the Huavean languages.[1] CorrespondencesComparative proto-Totozoquean reconstructions are proposed in Brown et al. (2011) for simple consonants and vowels. The consonant-inventory for proto-Totozoquean is similar to that reconstructed for proto-Totonacan (Arana Osnaya 1953), and the vowels are not unlike those proposed for proto-Mixe–Zoquean (Wichmann 1995). A parallel set of laryngealized but otherwise identical proto-Totozoquean vowels is reconstructed for proto-Totozoquean to account for the distribution of laryngealized vowels in the Totonac branch of the Totonacan family, though these left no known trace in proto-Mixe–Zoquean (Wichmann 1995) and there may be a more economical explanation. Vowel length is likewise an independent parameter reconstructed for proto-Totozoquean that does not seem to affect the correspondences, but in this case it is a feature inherited by both families.
Proto-Totozoquean (pTZ) is reconstructed with seven vowel qualities, all of which occur with long, laryngealized, and long laryngealized homologues. These reduce to a three-vowel system in proto-Totonacan (pT); length and laryngealization is retained. Proto-Mixe–Zoque (pMZ) loses laryngealization and neutralizes **ɨ~ə and **ɔ~o.
Of the three consonants which do not appear in either daughter, **ty and **ny are poorly attested, whereas **ky is robust. Proto-Mixe–Zoque loses the laterals and gutturals, and neutralizes the alveolar–palato-alveolar distinction. Proto-Totonocan loses glottal stop and **y.
See also
References1. ^Brown, Cecil H., Wichmann, Søren, & Beck, David. 2014. Chitimacha: A Mesoamerican language in the Lower Mississippi Valley. International Journal of American Linguistics 80(4): 425–474. {{refbegin|indent=yes}}{{aut|Arana Osnaya, E.}} 1953. Reconstrucción del protototonaco: Huastecos, totonacos y sus vecinos, ed. Ignacio Bernal. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 23:123–30. {{aut|Brown, Cecil H.}}, {{aut|David Beck}}, {{aut|Grzegorz Kondrak}}, {{aut|James K. Watters}}, and {{aut|Søren Wichmann}} (2011). Totozoquean. International Journal of American Linguistics 77, 323–372. {{aut|Brown, Cecil H.}}, {{aut|David Beck}}, {{aut|Grzegorz Kondrak}}, {{aut|James K. Watters}}, and {{aut|Søren Wichmann}} (2011) "Linking proto-Totonacan and proto-Mixe–Zoquean"[https://www.ualberta.ca/~dbeck/TzEILNXI.pdf] {{aut|Søren Wichmann|Wichmann, Søren}} (1995). The Relationship among the Mixe-Zoquean Languages of Mexico. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.{{refend}}{{Mesoamerican families}}{{Language families}}{{Mixe-Zoque languages}} 3 : Mesoamerican languages|Indigenous languages of Central America|Proposed language families |
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