| 词条 | Mount Okmok |
| 释义 |
| name = Mount Okmok| photo = OkmokCaldera.jpg | photo_caption = Aerial view looking across Okmok Caldera. | elevation_ft = 3519 | elevation_ref = | prominence = | location = Umnak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, US | range = | map = USA Umnak Island#USA Alaska | map_caption = Umnak Island | label_position = right | coordinates = {{coord|53|28|05|N|168|10|30|W|type:mountain_region:US-AK_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | range_coordinates = | topo = USGS Umnak B-1 | type = Shield volcano Complex with nested Caldera[1] | age = | volcanic_arc/belt = Aleutian Arc | last_eruption = July to August 2008 | first_ascent = | easiest_route = }} Mount Okmok is the highest point on the rim of Okmok Caldera (Unmagim Anatuu[2] in Aleut) on the northeastern part of Umnak Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands of Alaska. This 5.8 mile (9.3 km) wide circular caldera truncates the top of a large shield volcano. A crater lake once filled much of the caldera, but the lake ultimately drained through a notch eroded in the northeast rim. The prehistoric lake attained a maximum depth of about 150 m (500 ft) and the upper surface reached an elevation of about 475 m (1560 ft), at which point it overtopped the low point of the caldera rim. Small, shallow remnants of the lake remained north of Cone D at an altitude of about 1075 feet: a small shallow lake located between the caldera rim and Cone D; a smaller lake (named Cone B Lake) farther north near the caldera's gate. After the 2008 eruption, the hydrogeology of the caldera was greatly changed with five separate sizable lakes now emplaced. In addition to the caldera lakes, Cone A, Cone E, Cone G and the new 2008 vent on Cone D contain small crater lakes. The last major eruptions of Okmok—with a VEI strength of 6—occurred 8,300 and 2,400 years Before Present.[3] Following the formation of the caldera, numerous satellite cones and lava domes have formed on the flanks of the volcano. They include Mount Tulik ({{Convert|1253|m|ft|0|sp=us}}), Mount Idak ({{Convert|585|m|ft|0|sp=us}}), and Jag Peak.[4] Mount Tulik erupted in 1936.[5] The volcano is currently rated by the Alaska Volcano Observatory as Aviation Alert Level Green and Volcanic-alert Level Normal.[1] July 2008 eruptionOn Saturday, July 12, 2008, Okmok Caldera exploded without warning, sending a plume of ash to {{Convert|50,000|ft|m}} into the air. During the following five and a half days of nearly continuous eruption, residents of Nikolski (47 miles southwest) were stranded for periods of up to three weeks; Unalaska (73 miles northeast) was repeatedly dusted with ash and flights into and out of this major fishing hub were frequently disrupted; floating rafts of scoria and low visibility prompted the Coast Guard to close Umnak Pass to marine traffic; and the Bering Pacific cattle ranch on the flanks of Okmok was periodically evacuated, once during noon-time darkness caused by heavy ash fall. The eruption ended in August 2008. It had a VEI of 4, giving it a rating of "cataclysmic." No lava flow was reported in this eruption, though the volcano has issued flows in the past.[6][7] The eruption took place at a new vent in the northeast part of the caldera, creating a roughly 800 ft high cone, dramatically altering caldera hydrology, and discharging huge lahars, or volcanic mudflows, running from the caldera to the coast. In contrast, all 20th-century eruptions were from a cone near the southern rim of the caldera. The 2008 eruption was by far the largest eruption at Okmok since at least the early 13th century.[6] References1. ^1 Okmok – Introduction. Avo.alaska.edu (2008-07-12). Retrieved on 2010-11-24. 2. ^{{cite book|first=K.|last=Bergsland|authorlink=Knut Bergsland|year=1994|title=Aleut Dictionary |publisher=Alaska Native Language Center |location=Fairbanks }} 3. ^{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Thomas P. |authorlink= |last2=Smith|first2=Robert L. |year=1987|title=Late Quaternary caldera-forming eruptions in the eastern Aleutian arc, Alaska |journal=Geology |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=434–438 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<434:LQCEIT>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0091-7613|bibcode = 1987Geo....15..434M }} 4. ^Global Volcanism Program|Okmok|Summary. Volcano.si.edu. Retrieved on 2010-11-24. 5. ^"Mount Tulik in eruption", Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. January 2, 1936. Page A1. 6. ^1 Alaska Volcano Observatory, Okmok Reported Activity, 2008 7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1238277220080713?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews|title=Alaska volcano erupts; island residents evacuated|date=July 13, 2008|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2008-07-13}} External links{{Commonscat|Okmok volcano}}
14 : Shield volcanoes of the United States|Active volcanoes|Landforms of Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska|Mountains of Alaska|Volcanoes of Alaska|VEI-6 volcanoes|Calderas of Alaska|Crater lakes|Subduction volcanoes|21st-century volcanic events|Umnak|Mountains of Unorganized Borough, Alaska|Volcanoes of Unorganized Borough, Alaska|Polygenetic shield volcanoes |
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