1. History
    Native Americans  Fauna  Park creation  2006 flooding 

2. Major attractions
    Paradise  Climate  Longmire  Sunrise  Other developed areas 

3. See also

4. References

5. External links

Mount Rainier National Park is an American national park located in southeast Pierce County and northeast Lewis County in Washington state.^[3] The park was established on March 2, 1899 as the fifth national park in the United States, preserving {{convert|236,381|acre|sqmi km2|1}}^[1] including all of Mount Rainier, a {{convert|14,411|ft|adj=on}} stratovolcano.^[4] The mountain rises abruptly from the surrounding land with elevations in the park ranging from 1,600 feet to over 14,000 feet (490 - 4,300 m). The highest point in the Cascade Range, Mount Rainier is surrounded by valleys, waterfalls, subalpine meadows, and {{convert|91000|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of old-growth forest.^[5] More than 25 glaciers descend the flanks of the volcano, which is often shrouded in clouds that dump enormous amounts of rain and snow.

Mount Rainier is circled by the Wonderland Trail and is covered by glaciers and snowfields totaling about {{convert|35|sqmi}}. Carbon Glacier is the largest glacier by volume in the contiguous United States, while Emmons Glacier is the largest glacier by area. Mount Rainier is a popular peak for mountaineering with some 10,000 attempts per year with approximately 50% making it to the summit.

History

Ninety-seven percent of the park is preserved as wilderness under the National Wilderness Preservation System, including Clearwater Wilderness and Mount Rainier Wilderness, a designation it received in 1988. It is abutted by the Tatoosh Wilderness. The park was designated a National Historic Landmark on February 18, 1997 as a showcase for the National Park Service Rustic style architecture (or parkitecture) of the 1920s and 1930s, exemplified by the Paradise Inn and a masterpiece of early NPS master planning. As an Historic Landmark district, the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places.^[6]

The film Track of the Cat (1954) was filmed in and around Mount Rainer National Park.^[7]

Native Americans

The earliest evidence of human activity in the area which is now Mount Rainier National Park, a projectile point dated to circa 4,000-5,800 BP (before present) found along Bench Lake Trail (the first section of Snow Lake Trail).^[8][10]

A more substantial archeological find was a rock shelter near Fryingpan Creek, east of Goat Island Mountain. Hunting artifacts were found in the shelter. The shelter would not have been used all year round. Cultural affinities suggest the site was used by Columbia Plateau Tribes from 1000 to 300 BP.^[8][10]

In 1963 the National Park Service contracted the Washington State University to study Native American use of the Mount Rainier area. Richard D. Daugherty lead an archeological study of the area and concluded that prehistoric humans used the area most heavily between 8000 and 4500 BP. Allan H. Smith interviewed elderly Native Americans and studied ethnographic literature. He found no evidence of permanent habitation in the park area. The park was used for hunting and gathering and for occasional spirit quests. Smith also came to tentative conclusions that the park was divided among five tribes along watershed boundaries; the Nisqually, Puyallup, Muckleshoot, Yakama, and Taidnapam (Upper Cowlitz). Subsequent studies cast doubt on Smith's theory that the tribes had agreed upon boundaries before they entered into treaties with the United States in 1854-55.^[8]

Fauna

Mammals that inhabit this national park are especially the cougar, black bear, raccoon, coyote, bobcat, snowshoe hare, weasel, mole, beaver, red fox, porcupine, skunk, marmot, deer, marten, shrew, pika, elk, and mountain goat. The common birds of this park including raptors are the thrush, chickadee, kinglet, northern goshawk, willow flycatcher, spotted owl, steller's jay, Clark's nutcracker, bald eagle, ptarmigan, harlequin duck, grouse, peregrine falcon, gray jay, golden eagle, grosbeak and finch.

Park creation

On March 2, 1899, President William McKinley signed a bill passed by Congress authorizing the creation of Mount Rainier National Park, the nation's fifth national park.^[9] It was the first national park created from a national forest.^[14] The Pacific Forest Reserve had been created in 1893 and included Mount Rainier. It was enlarged in 1897 and renamed Mount Rainier Forest Reserve. John Muir had visited Mount Rainier in 1888. Muir and nine others, including Edward Sturgis Ingraham, Charles Piper, and P. B. Van Trump, climbed to the summit in what became the fifth recorded ascent.^[10][11]

The trip to Mount Rainier had played a role in reinvigorating Muir and convincing him to rededicate his life to the preservation of nature as national parks. At the time national forests, called forest reserves at first, were being created throughout the American West, under the utilitarian "conservation-through-use" view of Gifford Pinchot. Muir came to be known as a "preservationist". He wanted nature preserved under the more protected status of national parks. But during the 1890s there was more public support for creating national forests than national parks. During that decade, Muir and his supporters were only able to protect one national forest{{which|date=August 2017}} as a national park. When the Pacific Forest Reserve was created in 1893, Muir quickly persuaded the newly formed Sierra Club to support a movement to protect Rainier as a national park. Other groups soon joined, such as the National Geographic Society and scientific associations wanting Mount Rainier preserved as a place to study volcanism and glaciology. Commercial leaders in Tacoma and Seattle were also in support, as was the Northern Pacific Railway. The effort lasted over five years and involved six different attempts to push a bill through Congress. Congress eventually agreed, but only after acquiring assurances that none of the new park was suitable for farming or mining and that no federal appropriations would be necessary for its management.^[12]

2006 flooding

Mount Rainier National Park closed because of extensive flooding as a result of the 6 November 2006 Pineapple Express rainstorm when {{convert|18|in|mm|-1}} of rain fell in a 36-hour period. Campsites and roads throughout the park were washed away. Power to Paradise and Longmire was disrupted. Sunshine Point Campground, shortly inside the Nisqually Entrance, was destroyed and has not reopened. ^[13] On 5 May 2007, the park reopened to automobile traffic via State Route 706 at the Nisqually Entrance.^[14]

Major attractions

The entire park was designated a National Historic Landmark District on February 18, 1997, in recognition of the consistently high standard of design and preservation the park's National Park Service Rustic-style architecture.^[15] The park contains 42 locations designated on the National Register of Historic Places, including four National Historic Landmarks.

Paradise

demolished and replaced, 2008).

Climate

The National Park Service says that "Paradise is the snowiest place on Earth where snowfall is measured regularly."^[29] {{convert|1122|inch|m}} of snow fell during the winter of 1971/72, setting a world record for that year.^[29][22] Subsequently, in the winter of 1998/99, Mount Baker Ski Area received {{convert|1140|inch|m}}.^[23] Paradise holds the Cascade Range record for most snow on the ground with {{convert|367|inch|m|sigfig=3}} on 10 March 1956.

Under the Köppen climate classification, the park has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with a drying trend in the summer.

Longmire

Longmire is the location of Mount Rainier's National Park Inn, the Longmire Museum, and the 1928 National Park Service Administration Building, which is now a Wilderness Information Center. The National Park Inn is the only accommodation in the park open all year round.^[27]

Longmire is the second most popular destination for visitors to Mount Rainier National Park after Paradise. Of the more than 1.3 million people who visited the park in 2000, 38% visited Longmire.^[18] The Cougar Rock Campground is about {{Convert|2|mi}} north west of Longmire ^[3] with 173 individual campsites and 5 group sites and open from late May through late September. Longmire is one of the starting points of the Wonderland Trail.

Sunrise

Sunrise ({{coord|46.91|N|121.64|W|type:landmark|name=Sunrise Visitors Centre}}) is a lodge and visitor center located in the northeastern part of the park. At an elevation of {{convert|6400|ft|sigfig=3}}, it is the highest point in the park that is accessible by vehicle. There are miles of trails located all around Sunrise, such as Mount Fremont, Burroughs Mountain, and Sourdough Ridge. The lodge is reachable via a {{convert|10|mi|adj=on}} turnoff from SR 410 near the White River entrance.

Other developed areas

Ohanapecosh {{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|h|æ|n|ə|p|ᵻ|k|ɔː|ʃ}} is a campground (with 188 individual sites and 2 group sites, open from late May through late September), visitor center (closed during the 2013 season), and ranger station located in the southeastern portion of the park, approximately {{convert|3|mi|km}} from the park boundary off Highway 123. Located in a deep valley among old growth forest at an elevation below {{convert|2000|ft|m}}, it is the only developed area of the park without a view of Mount Rainier. The Ohanapecosh Hot Springs, Grove of the Patriarchs, and Silver Falls are all located in the Ohanapecosh area.

The Carbon River Entrance Station is located in the northwest corner of the park off Highway 165 and is the site of the only rainforest at Mount Rainier. There is a campground and a short trail through the rainforest, as well as a trail to the Carbon Glacier, one of the lowest glaciers in the contiguous United States.

Mowich Lake is the largest and deepest lake in the park, located south of Carbon at the south end of Highway 165. A campground, picnic area, and hiking trail are located near the lake.

The two major roads into the northwest quadrant of the Park were severely damaged by the floods of 2006. The ranger station at the Carbon River entrance is staffed during the summer. No motor vehicles are permitted beyond that point.

See also

• Bibliography of Mount Rainier National Park
• Amphibians and reptiles of Mount Rainier National Park
• List of national parks of the United States

References

External links

• {{Official website}} of the National Park Service
• [https://www.nps.gov/carto/hfc/carto/media/MORAmap1.jpg Static park map] and [https://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/maps.htm interactive park maps]
• [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/parkhistories.htm#mora NPS park history documents] – natural and cultural history of the park
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080621054217/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2212&ResourceType=District National Historic Landmark information] (archive)
• University of Washington Libraries – black-and-white photographs from a promotional album (ca. 1925)

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