“Mount Roraima”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mount Roraima ({{lang-pt|Monte Roraima}} {{IPA-pt|ˈmõtʃi ʁoˈɾajmɐ|}}, Tepuy Roraima and Cerro Roraima;) is the highest of the Pakaraima chain of tepui plateaus in South America.{{R|"Swan1"|page1=156}} First described to Europeans by the English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh during his 1595 expedition, its {{convert|12|mi2|km2|adj=mid|abbr=off|order=flip}} summit area{{R|"Swan1"|page1=156}} is bounded on all sides by cliffs rising {{convert|400|m|ft}}. The mountain also serves as the tripoint of Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil.{{R|"Swan1"|page1=156}} Raleigh learned about it from indigenous peoples, who lived there before the European invasion of the 15-1600's.

Mount Roraima lies on the Guiana Shield in the southeastern corner of Venezuela's {{convert|30000|km2|sqmi|abbr=off|adj=on}} Canaima National Park forming the highest peak of Guyana's Highland Range.

The highest point in Guyana^[1] and the highest point of the Brazilian state of Roraima^[2] lie on the plateau, but Venezuela and Brazil have higher mountains elsewhere. The triple border point is at {{coord|5|12|08|N|60|44|07|W}},^[2] but the mountain's highest point is Laberintos del Norte.

Flora and fauna

Many of the species found on Roraima are unique to the tepui plateaus with two local endemic plants found on Roraima summit. Plants such as pitcher plants (Heliamphora), Campanula (a bellflower), and the rare Rapatea heather are commonly found on the escarpment and summit.{{R|"Swan1"|page1=156–157}} It rains almost every day of the year. Almost the entire surface of the summit is bare sandstone, with only a few bushes (Bonnetia roraimœ) and algae present.{{R|"ImThurn1"|page1=517|"Clementi1"|page2=464|"Tate1"|page3=63}} Low scanty and bristling vegetation is also found in the small, sandy marshes that intersperse the rocky summit.{{R|"ImThurn1"|page1=517}} Most of the nutrients that are present in the soil are washed away by torrents that cascade over the edge, forming some of the highest waterfalls in the world.

There are multiple examples of unique fauna atop Mount Roraima. Oreophrynella quelchii, commonly called the Roraima Bush Toad, is a diurnal toad usually found on open rock surfaces and shrubland. It is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae and breeds by direct development.^[1] The species is currently listed as vulnerable and there is a need for increased education among tourists to make them aware of the importance of not handling these animals in the wild. Close population monitoring is also required, particularly since this species is known only from a single location. The species is protected in Monumento Natural Los Tepuyes in Venezuela, and Parque Nacional Monte Roraima in Brazil.^[2]

Culture

Since long before the arrival of European explorers, the mountain has held a special significance for the indigenous people of the region, and it is central to many of their myths and legends. The Pemon and Kapon natives of the Gran Sabana see Mount Roraima as the stump of a mighty tree that once held all the fruits and tuberous vegetables in the world. Felled by Makunaima, their mythical trickster, the tree crashed to the ground, unleashing a terrible flood.{{R|"Stela1"}} Roroi in the Pemon language means blue-green and ma means great.{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} It is also said to have inspired Paradise Falls from the Pixar film Up. ^[3]^[4]

Ascents

Although the steep sides of the plateau make it difficult to access, it was the first recorded major tepui to be climbed: Sir Everard im Thurn walked up a forested ramp in December 1884 to scale the plateau. This is the same route hikers take today. A report by the noted South American researcher Robert Schomburgk inspired the Scottish author Arthur Conan Doyle to write his novel The Lost World about the discovery of a living prehistoric world full of dinosaurs and other primordial creatures.

The only non-technical route to the top is the Paraitepui route from Venezuela; any other approach will involve climbing gear. Mount Roraima has been climbed on a few occasions from the Guyana and Brazil sides, but as the mountain is entirely bordered on both these sides by enormous sheer cliffs that include high overhanging (negative-inclination) stretches, these are extremely difficult and technical rock climbing routes. Such climbs would also require difficult authorizations for entering restricted-access national parks in the respective countries.

In Brazil the Monte Roraima National Park lies within the Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Territory, and is not open to the public without permission.^[5]

The 2013 Austrian documentary Jäger des Augenblicks - Ein Abenteuer am Mount Roraima (Moment Hunters - An Adventure on Mount Roraima) shows rock climbers Kurt Albert, Holger Heuber, and Stefan Glowacz climbing to the top of Mount Roraima from the Guyana side. Similarly, in 2010 Brazilian climbers Eliseu Frechou, Fernando Leal and Márcio Bruno opened a new route on the Guyanese side, climbing to the top in 12 days of a very difficult vertical wall climb.^[6] They called the new route Guerra de Luz e Trevas (Portuguese for "War of Light and Darkness") and classed it as 6° VIIa A3 J4. A 28-minute Vimeo video called [https://vimeo.com/15300288 Dias de Tempestade (Days of Storm)] is available documenting their climb (English subtitles, audio in Portuguese).

References

1. ^{{cite web|last=Hoogmoed|first=Marinus|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org|work=Oreophrynella quelchii.|publisher=IUCN 2012|accessdate=13 December 2012}}
2. ^{{cite web|last=Geographical|title=A Lost World Above the Clouds|url=http://www.geographical.co.uk|accessdate=13 December 2012}}
3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://myturntotravel.com/mount-roraima-hike/|title=Mount Roraima Hike: Up On Top Venezuela’s Lost World {{!}} My Turn To Travel|date=2018-01-03|work=My Turn To Travel|access-date=2018-08-30|language=en-GB}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://science4grownups.com/archives/2009/05/29/general/the-real-world-behind-ups-paradise-falls-530|title=The real world behind “Up’s” Paradise Falls|website=science4grownups.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-30}}
5. ^{{citation|ref={{harvid|Unidade de Conservação ... MMA}}|language=Portuguese |title=Unidade de Conservação: Parque Nacional do Monte Roraima|publisher=MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente |url=http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=174|accessdate=2016-06-07}}
6. ^{{cite news |last=Frechou |first=Eliseu |url=http://www.extremos.com.br/noticias/100124-Eliseu-Frechou-e-equipe-escalam-o-monte-roraima.asp |title=Eliseu Frechou e equipe chegam ao cume do Monte Roraima |language=Portuguese |trans-title=Eliseu Frechou and his team reach the top of Mount Roraima |work=Extremos - Portal de Aventura |date=2010-01-24 |accessdate=2016-02-02 }}
7. ^{{cite peakbagger|pid=8684|name=Monte Roraima, Venezuela}}
8. ^¹{{cite peakbagger|pid=8682|name=Mount Roraima-Guyana High Point, Guyana/Venezuela}}
9. ^¹²{{cite peakbagger|pid=8684|name=Monte Roraima-Triple Country Point}}
10. ^{{citation|first1=Michael|last1=Swan|title=British Guiana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9MwAAAAIAAI|year=1957|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London, England, U.K.|oclc=253238145|quote=Mount Roraima is the point where the boundaries of Venezuela, Brazil and British Guiana actually meet, and a stone stands on its summit, placed there by the International Commission in 1931.}}
11. ^{{citation|first1=Marie Penelope Rose|last1=Clementi (née Eyres)|author1-link=Cecil Clementi#Personal life|title=A Journey to the Summit of Mount Roraima|jstor=1779816|volume=48|date=December 1916|journal=The Geographical Journal|publisher=Blackwell Publishing, on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society, with the Institute of British Geographers|location=London, England, U.K.|issn=0016-7398|oclc=1570660|pages=456–473|quote=The summit is covered with enormous black boulders, weathered into the weirdest and most fantastic shapes. We were in the middle of an amphitheatre, encircled by what one might almost call waves of stone. It would be unsafe to explore this rugged plateau without white paint to mark one's way, for one would be very soon lost in the labyrinth of extraordinary rocks. There is no vegetation on Roraima save a few dampsodden bushes (Bonnetia Roraimœ), and fire sufficient for cooking can be raised only by an Indian squatting beside it and blowing all the time.|doi=10.2307/1779816|issue=6}}
12. ^{{citation|first1=Everard|last1=im Thurn|author1-link=Everard F. im Thurn|title=The Ascent of Mount Roraima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjARAQAAIAAJ&vq=497&pg=PA497-IA4#v=onepage&q=|accessdate=November 14, 2009|series=New Monthly Series|volume=7|date=August 1885|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography|publisher=Blackwell Publishing, on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society, with the Institute of British Geographers|location=London, England, U.K.|issn=0266-626X|oclc=51205375|pages=497–521|quote=For all around wore rocks and pinnacles of rocks of seemingly impossibly fantastic forms, standing in apparently impossibly fantastic ways—nay, placed one on or next to the other in positions seeming to defy every law of gravity—rocks in groups, rocks standing singly, rocks in terraces, rocks as columns, rocks as walls and rooks as pyramids, rocks ridiculous at every point with countless apparent caricatures of the faces and forms of men and animals, apparent caricatures of umbrellas, tortoises, churches, cannons, and of innumerable other most incongruous and unexpected objects.|doi=10.2307/1800077|issue=8|jstor=1800077}}
13. ^{{citation|first1=G. H. H.|last1=Tate|author1-link=George Henry Hamilton Tate|title=Notes on the Mount Roraima Region|jstor=209126|volume=20|date=January 1930|journal=Geographical Review|publisher=American Geographical Society|location=New York, New York, U.S.A.|issn=0016-7428|oclc=1570664|pages=53–68|quote=In general the interior plateau looks flat and monotonous. Appearance is deceptive, for there are actually very few places where walking is not difficult, and these follow the joint system of the sandstone. For the most part, tumbled masses of rock, rifts, and gorges and whole acres of ten-foot mushrooms and loaves of bread formed in stone offer a maze in which one may wander long before finding better ground; while gullies many yards in depth and breadth, meandering undecidedly, force detours of sometimes half a mile.|doi=10.2307/209126|issue=1}}
14. ^{{citation|first1=Stela Azevedo de|last1=Abreu|author1-link=Stela Azevedo de Abreu|title=Aleluia: o banco de luz|url=http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=000089982|accessdate=January 10, 2012|series=|volume=|number=|date=July 1995|journal=|publisher= Thesis for a Master's in Sociocultural Anthropology, at UNICAMP|location=Campinas, Brazil.|issn=|oclc=|pages=|doi=|issue=8|jstor=}}

Flora and fauna

Culture

Ascents

References

Further reading

External links