“Tragedy (event)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A tragedy is an event of great loss, usually of human life. Such an event is said to be tragic. Traditionally the event would require "some element of moral failure, some flaw in character, or some extraordinary combination of elements"^[1] to be tragic.

Not every death is considered a tragedy. Rather, it is a precise set of symptoms surrounding the loss that define it as such.^[2] There are a variety of factors that define a death as tragic.

An event in which a massive number of deaths occur may be seen as a tragedy. This can be re-enforced by media attention or other public outcry.^[3]

A tragedy does not necessarily involve massive death. The death of a single person, e.g., a public figure or a child, may be seen as a tragedy.^[3] The person need not necessarily have been famous before death.

Factors that make death a tragedy

Generally, the label of "tragedy" is given to an event based on public perception.^[4] There are a number of factors that can make a death be considered a tragedy.

Scope

The scope of an event can affect the public view, and make it appear tragic. This can be the case whether the death toll is high, or if a single, unexpected death occurs in a well-beloved person.^[5]

The degree of attachment in the public eye may also impact whether or not the event is publicly labeled as a tragedy. For example, the unexpected death of a preparatory school student that receives heavy media attention may be seen as more tragic than that of a recidivist prisoner who is beaten to death by fellow inmates.^[3]

Prematurity

A death may be viewed as a tragedy when it is premature in nature. An old person dying of old age is an expectation, but the death of a child or of a young, healthy adult that is not expected by others can be viewed as tragic.^[3]

Publicity

The range of coverage affects the number of people in whose eyes the event is viewed as tragic. While local coverage may garner sympathy from those in the hometown of the deceased, international coverage may lead the whole world to mourn.^[7]

Consequences

The resulting consequences from one or more deaths can be seen as a tragedy. For example, if a large number of persons are killed in a terrorist attack, not only is life lost, but others may lose their sense of security, and this impacts the lives of others in other ways.^[8]

Lasting effects

The long-term effects of an event can render it as tragic. Tragedies often have effects that shape those affected, and are remembered even long after, as they clearly impact the future for those involved. They may also be commemorated on anniversaries or whenever they otherwise come to mind.^[9] A public tragedy often leads to measures being taken to prevent similar tragic events in the future.^[10]

Dealing with tragedy

The typical reaction to tragedy is heavy grief, followed by a slow recovery. Common feelings following a tragedy include sadness, depression, crying, blame, and guilt.^[11] Some people wonder what they did to deserve such suffering.^[12]

See also

References

1. ^http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19920405&slug=1484688
2. ^{{cite book |title=Crisis Intervention Training for Disaster Workers: An Introduction |last=Doherty |first=George W. |authorlink= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=12 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
3. ^¹²³{{cite book |title=Coping with public tragedy |last=Lattanzi-Licht |first=Marcia E. |authorlink= |author2=Kenneth J. Doka |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=1 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
4. ^{{cite book |title=Coping with public tragedy |last=Lattanzi-Licht |first=Marcia E. |authorlink= |author2=Kenneth J. Doka |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=11 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
5. ^{{cite book |title=Coping with public tragedy |last=Lattanzi-Licht |first=Marcia E. |authorlink= |author2=Kenneth J. Doka |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=5 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
6. ^{{cite book |title=Coping with public tragedy |last=Lattanzi-Licht |first=Marcia E. |authorlink= |author2=Kenneth J. Doka |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=3 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
7. ^{{cite book |title=Coping with public tragedy |last=Lattanzi-Licht |first=Marcia E. |authorlink= |author2=Kenneth J. Doka |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=9 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
8. ^{{cite book |title=Coping with public tragedy |last=Lattanzi-Licht |first=Marcia E. |authorlink= |author2=Kenneth J. Doka |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=8 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
9. ^Disaster Spiritual Care: Practical Clergy Responses to Community, Regional; by Stephen B. Roberts, Willard W. C. Ashley; {{ISBN|978-1-59473-240-9}}; page 67
10. ^{{cite book |title=Disaster Spiritual Care: Practical Clergy Responses to Community, Regional, and National Tragedy |last=Roberts |first=Stephen B. |authorlink= |author2=Willard W. C. Ashley |publisher= |location= |isbn=978-1-59473-240-9 |page=86 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
11. ^{{cite news |title=Tragedy: A psychiatrist offers ways to deal with trauma and grief |author=Alvin F. Poussaint, M.D. |newspaper=Ebony Magazine |date=February 1977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AM4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94&dq=coping+with+tragedy&hl=en&ei=jUT4TIfBFIWClAe0rvGgAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=coping%20with%20tragedy&f=false |accessdate=}}
12. ^{{cite book |title=Coping with Tragedy |last=Ramsey |first=Tara |authorlink= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=33 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
13. ^{{cite book |title=Faith in the Fast Lane |last=Owens |first=Ken |authorlink= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=106 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}