| 词条 | Trail, British Columbia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Trail | official_name = City of Trail | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = City | motto = Explore Your Trail | image_skyline = Welcome to City of Trail.jpg | imagesize = 220px | image_caption = Trail BC welcome sign | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = Trail BC shield.jpg | shield_size = | city_logo = | citylogo_size = | image_map = Trail, British Columbia Location.png | mapsize = 220px | map_caption = Location of Trail in British Columbia | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Canada | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = British Columbia | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = Kootenays | subdivision_type3 = Regional district | subdivision_name3 = Kootenay Boundary | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = Elected city council | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Lisa Pasin[1] | leader_title1 = Governing body | leader_name1 = Trail City Council | leader_title2 = MP | leader_name2 = Richard Cannings (NDP) | leader_title3 = MLA | leader_name3 = Katrine Conroy (BC NDP) | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = | established_date = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = [2] | area_total_km2 = 34.93 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2016 | population_footnotes = [2] | population_note = | population_total = 7709 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | timezone = PST | utc_offset = -8 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|49|05|50|N|117|42|38|W|region:CA-BC|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 440 | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = Forward sortation area | postal_code = V1R | area_code = 250 / 778 / 236 | blank_name = Highways | blank_info = 3B 22 | blank1_name = Waterways | blank1_info = Columbia River | website = City of Trail | footnotes = }}Trail is a city in the West Kootenay region of the Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It was named after the Dewdney Trail, which passed through the area.[4] GeographyTrail has an area of {{convert|34.78|km2}}. The city is located on both banks of the Columbia River, approximately 10 km north of the United States border. This section of the Columbia River valley is located between the Monashee Mountains to the west and the Selkirk Mountains to the east. The Columbia flows directly north-south from Castlegar, turns east near downtown Trail, and then meets the Canada–United States border at Waneta and the Pend d'Oreille River. Summer climate in Trail is generally hot and dry with moderately cool nights. Temperatures often exceed 35 °C (95 °F) during summer afternoons, average 29 °C (84.2 °F). Thunderstorms are common during the late-Spring and Summer season, often moving into the valley from the south. The fall months bring dense river fog, especially overnight and in the morning, as a cold air inversion lingers above the relatively warm river surface. Winters are mild to cold with periods of moderate snowfall. Nearby villages such as Warfield and Fruitvale often receive greater amounts of snow due to higher elevation. The Monashee Mountains are the first major mountain range east of the Coastal Mountains to intercept moisture laden westerly flow from the Pacific Ocean. As a result, areas west of Trail, including the Christina Range, Rossland Range, the city of Rossland, and the Blueberry-Paulson section of the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) receive greater amounts of winter precipitation, mostly in the form of heavy snow. Vegetation in the Trail area, although fairly lush, is noticeably drier than other areas with a more westerly aspect. DemographicsAccording to Statistics Canada, Trail's population was 7,709 during the Canada 2016 Census.[2] The city is also noted for its large Italian community. There are 1,320 people in Trail with Italian ancestry (17.8%).[5]
Education and employmentTrail is the location of the head office of the Kootenay Boundary Regional District, which is one of the city's employers. Trail is part of School District 20 Kootenay-Columbia and schools in the town include:
School districtThe school district in the Greater Trail area is focused on improving the district and schools and has a focused, well organized improvement plans in place. The strategies selected to achieve the goals are a blend of research, best practice, and innovative thinking. The district has implemented numerous strategies to support schools in improving student learning. Most schools have comprehensive, innovative and research-based strategies to meet the goals.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} In 2007, the J. Lloyd Crowe Secondary School Replacement program started the construction of a new facility in Trail to replace the existing school that was built in the late 1950s. The new facility opened in September 2009. EducationTrail’s statistics differ sharply from that of the province in the percentage of the population aged 45–64 with a trades certificate or diploma: Trail—26%, compared to BC—14%. This is directly attributable to Teck Resources and the diversified mining and metals company's presence in the area. The percentage of this age group with a university level education is also very different: Trail—12%, compared to BC—22%. The general picture is a working population heavily geared to the trades and historically very reliant on Teck Cominco for employment. Economic situationEmploying approximately 1,800 people, Teck Resources (formerly Cominco) is the region’s largest employer. The average age of an employee at Teck Resources' Trail operation is 47. It is anticipated that within 15 years Teck Resources' Trail operation will have a completely new and different labour force. A younger and perhaps more technical labour force will most likely replace those that are retiring. The big picture for the area is one of an aging population which brings about ongoing employment opportunities in the area. This is evidence based on the improved housing sales in the years between 2005 and 2007, making the Greater Trail area a target destination for people looking for better quality of life in a smaller community setting. The City of Trail is also home to the largest hospital in the West Kootenay region. Trail smelter arbitration{{Main|Trail Smelter dispute}}In 1927, a smelter in Trail was polluting, via smoke deposition, farmlands south of the border in the United States. The US initially agreed to bring the issue before the International Joint Commission. A 1931 report the IJC recommended Canada compensate the United States for a sum of $350,000 to the farmers, the US rejected the offer. In 1935 the two countries agreed to arbitration, in which Canada again offered to compensate the US $350,000 for all damages caused before 1932. In April 1938, after extensive expert assessments, the tribunal acknowledged that the smelter had caused damage after 1932. Then in 1941, it held that "no State has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause injury by fumes in or to the territory of another or the properties or persons therein, when the case is of serious consequence and the injury is establish by clear and convincing evidence." [6] This case, known commonly as the "Trail smelter arbitration", is a landmark in environmental law,[7] as it helped to establish the "polluter pays" principle for transnational pollution issues.[8] Manhattan ProjectAs its contribution to the Manhattan Project's P-9 Project, Cominco built and operated a 1000 to 1200 pound per month (design capacity) electrolytic heavy water plant at Trail, which operated from 1943 to 1956. Lt-Col Nichols noted environmental damage from emissions to the "beautiful valley and mountain slopes" in the first half of 1943. [9][10][11][12]AttractionsTrail Memorial Centre & Sports Hall of MemoriesThe Trail Memorial Centre currently plays host to the Trail & District Public Library, the Trail Smoke Eaters hockey team, the Trail Museum, and the Sports Hall of Memories, in addition to many local sports facilities. This historic landmark, located at 1051 Victoria Street, was home to two world championship Smoke Eaters teams. The Trail Memorial Centre is a hub of civic activity year-round, and has been a focal point of the community since its inception. River Activities and Music in the Park at Gyro Park in TrailLocated at 1090 Charles Lakes Drive in East Trail on the route to Sunningdale, Gyro Park is the home to Music in the Park during the summer. Listen to the melodic tunes under the gazebo in Gyro Park, where visitors enjoy live music Thursdays in July and August. During long hot summer days, Gyro Park is extremely popular with locals and visitors to the area who enjoy a day at the beach. "The Onions" and other popular river currents that wind between the rocks on the East banks of the Columbia River, are a popular summer magnet for river activity. Often, throughout the summer, an abundance of avid swimmers and rapid paddlers with a deep respect of the Columbia River dare to navigate the frosty swift waters to ride the waves, such as the local favorite "Onions" river current at Gyro Park beach. Teck Cominco Interpretive CentreTrail is home to the largest non-ferrous lead and zinc smelter in the world {{cn|date=February 2019}} and visitors can learn more about the areas largest employer by taking the 2.5 hour industrial tour of the Teck (Cominco) smelter which can be arranged in the Teck Cominco Interpretive Centre through the Trail & District Chamber of Commerce office located above the Toronto-Dominion Bank, in the heart of downtown Trail.[13] This centre is the starting point for the free tours beginning at 10 am, Monday to Friday during the summer; by appointment from September to May. Learn about the plants' operations in the mini-science centre featuring hands-on exhibits for the whole family. View video presentations and displays which exhibit sophisticated environmental monitoring systems installed in the Trail area by Teck. Other presentations illustrate the history of Cominco's Trail smelting operations and provide information on career opportunities in the industry. The Historic GulchIn the early 1900s a large influx of Italian immigrants lent a distinctive character to "The Gulch" which is located at the entrance to Trail accessed by the Schofield Highway which drops down the long grade down from the city of Rossland and the village of Warfield and sub-division of Annabel onto Rossland Avenue. This neighbourhood which runs the length of Rossland Avenue is known as "the Gulch." Originally called the "Dublin Gulch" in the very early days, it eventually became known as "The Gulch" as it filled up with Italians who chose not to live on the original Trail townsite. The Gulch starts as throat of Trail Creek narrows between the high, sandy slope of Smelter Hill on its left bank and the West Trail bank where early pioneer houses were built by immigrants as the purchased properties along the west bank steep terrain. In the early pioneer days, industrious Chinese launderers and cooks spent time gardening in the defile of the Gulch. Few of these immigrants ever acquired rights to own land{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} in the Gulch and their gardens were gradually displaced by Italians and other European working families who terraced their properties into level plots. Despite the steep terrain, these immigrant families planted vegetable gardens reminiscent of the old country, fed by plenty of water from Trail Creek and the hot summer sun. The Gulch is home to shops and the Terra Nova hotel, located at the entrance to Trail’s central business district at the foot of Rossland Avenue. Home of ChampionsThe Greater Trail Area is known as the Home of Champions, in recognition of those who reside in the area, or are from the area, and have excelled in their chosen field of endeavour. In 1995, Kootenay Savings Credit Union was seeking a project that would represent their commitment and appreciation to the Greater Trail community. The Credit Union decided to sponsor the construction of a monument which was constructed in the summer of 1996 outside their offices in Trail's downtown that would honour the "Champions" of the Greater Trail area in Sports, Industry and Lifestyle. A society was formed to establish criteria for selection of the persons to be honoured on the monument. The monument was constructed in the summer of 1996 and forty-three champions were selected to be honoured at the inaugural dedication ceremony which took place on September 28, 1996. To date, eighty-nine individuals and organizations have been honoured with a place on the Home of Champions monument.[14] The Home of Champions monument project is an ongoing one, managed by the City of Trail. Additional persons will be honoured regularly for their special contribution to the social, cultural, economic and educational fabric of the community. Notable people
See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.trail.ca/en/inside-city-hall/mayor-lisa-pasin.asp |title=Inside City Hall |publisher=Trail BC |access-date=2014-11-16 |archive-url=|archive-date= |dead-url= |df= }} {{Coord|49|5|42|N|117|42|36|W|display=title}}2. ^1 2 Statistics Canada (2016 Census). Trail, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Canada [Country] 3. ^ 4. ^Barman, Jean The West Beyond the West, University of Toronto Press, 2007, p. 130. 5. ^Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Trail, 2016 Census 6. ^Bratspies, Rebbecca M., Russell A. Miller. Transboundary Harm in International Law. Cambridge University Press, 2010. 7. ^A. Parrish, 'Trail Smelter Deja Vu: Extraterritoriality, International Environmental Law, and the Search for Solutions to Canada-U.S. Transboundary Water Pollution Disputes,' (2005) 85 B.U. L. Rev. 363 8. ^{{cite web |publisher=University of Idaho |title=Trail Smelter Arbitration, 1938/1941 |url=http://www.law.uidaho.edu/default.aspx?pid=66516 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040822223151/http://www.law.uidaho.edu/default.aspx?pid=66516 |archive-date=2004-08-22}} 9. ^{{cite arXiv | title =An Early History of Heavy Water | author =Chris Waltham | date = 20 June 2002 | eprint =physics/0206076}} 10. ^{{cite web | title =Project '9' - Heavy-Water (Deuterium) Production | publisher =The Manhattan Project Heritage Preservation Association | url=http://www.mphpa.org/classic/CP/Canada/CM&S/CM&S-01.htm | accessdate = 2007-12-06}} 11. ^{{cite report | title = Manhattan District History, Book III, The P-9 Project| url = https://www.osti.gov/includes/opennet/includes/MED_scans/Book%20III%20-%20The%20P-9%20Project.pdf| date = 1947-04-08| publisher = United States Department of Energy| page = 99| access-date = 2019-02-16}} The original design production was 1000 lbs./month, later increased to 1200 lbs./month. Maximum production was 1330 lbs./month. 12. ^{{cite book | last1 = Nichols | first1 = Kenneth | last2 = | first2 = | year = 1987 | title = The Road to Trinity | publisher = William Morrow | location = New York | isbn = 068806910X | ref = harv }} p97 13. ^{{cite web|title=Teck Cominco Interpretive Centre|url=http://www.kootenayrockies.com/partner/teck-cominco-interpretive-centre|publisher=Kootenay Rockies Tourism|accessdate=11 May 2015}} 14. ^Trail Historical Society External links{{Wikivoyage|Trail}}{{Commons category-inline|Trail, British Columbia}}
4 : Cities in British Columbia|Populated places in the West Kootenay|Populated places on the Columbia River|Italian Canadian settlements |
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