“Transcontinental Motor Convoy”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Transcontinental Motor Convoys were early 20th century vehicle convoys, including three US Army truck trains, that crossed the United States (one was coast-to-coast) to the west coast. The 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy from Washington, D.C., to San Francisco used the incomplete Lincoln Highway.

Background

The United States' Good Roads Movement of the late 19th century began as increased use of bicycles required better surfaces over the existing wagon and carriage roads. The development of the automobile and their increased use resulted in the formation of the United States Good Roads Association and various individual cross-country trips by individual vehicles, followed by the first transcontinental trip by a convoy of vehicles.

1915 transcontinental film convoy

The 1915 transcontinental film convoy was a 4-month motor convoy beginning August 25 and ending at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.^[6] The film crew completed the "Three-Mile Picture Show" (named for the length of film).^[7] The film was directed by Henry Ostermann, Consul at Large for the Lincoln Highway Association,^[8] who travelled in a Stutz touring car.^[9]^[10]

The last known existing copy of "The Three Mile-Picture Show" was in the film storage vaults of The University Of Michigan, having been donated to the University by Henry Ostermann, and his associate, Gael Hoag. In 1957 the University was contacted by Walt Disney Productions, who wanted to use a part of the film in their movie "The American Highway". When the University Of Michigan inspected the film for the first time since the 1920s, they found it very deteriorated, and very flammable. They shipped the dangerous film to Disney, who, sadly, only wanted a few "humorous" moments to use in their movie, "The American Highway"(1958). After discussion between The University Of Michigan and film restorers, this copy of "The Three-Mile Picture Show" was then said to have been destroyed.

1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy

The 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy was a "Truck Train"^[1] of the US Army Motor Transport Corps that drove over {{Convert|3000|mi|km||abbr=on}} from Washington, D.C. (departing July 7), to Oakland, California, and ferried to San Francisco. In addition to 230 road incidents^[11] (stops for adjustments, extrications, breakdowns, & accidents) resulting in 9 vehicles retiring,^[13] the convoy of "24 expeditionary officers, 15 War Department staff observation officers, and 258 enlisted men" (e.g., Bvt Lt Col Dwight D. Eisenhower of the Tank Corps) had 21 injured en route who did not complete the trip.^[13] Although some "were really competent drivers" by the end, the majority of soldiers were "raw recruits with little or no military training"; and except for the Motor Supply Company E commander (1st Lt Daniel H. Martin), troop officers had "meager knowledge" of "handling men in the field".^[12]{{Rp|6,10}}

The convoy broke and repaired^[13] 88 wooden bridges^[14]{{Rp|10}} (14 in Wyoming),^[15] and "practically" all roadways were unpaved from Illinois through Nevada.^[1]{{Rp|4}} The convoy logged {{Convert|3250|mi|km}} in 573.5 hours (5.67 mph avg.).^[16] and 6 rest days without convoy travel were used. Convoy delays required extra encampments and, at Oakland, California, the convoy was 7 days behind schedule (ferrying the next morning on the last travel day).^[12]{{Rp|4}}

1919 Air Service Transcontinental Recruiting Convoy

The 1919 Air Service Transcontinental Recruiting Convoy^[17] was a "mobile army post".[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA081EFA385C1B728DDDA90994D0405B898DF1D3] of over 1/2 mile long^[23] to support 13 aircraft from Hazelhurst Field to California beginning August 14, 1919.^[18] The mission of the All American Pathfinders was "to secure accurate information to be used in connection with the carrying of mails by airplanes, and for military purposes, as well as commercial purposes."^[19]

1920 Motor Transport Corps convoy

The 1920 Motor Transport Corps convoy left Washington, D.C. on 14 June 1920 and followed the Bankhead Highway to San Diego, California, where it arrived on 2 October. A smaller expedition than the first, the second convoy consisted of 50 vehicles, 32 officers, and 160 enlisted men under Col John F. Franklin. A rate of 45–60 miles per day was initially estimated, commensurate with that of the first convoy.

The convoy's trip proceeded smoothly as far as Atlanta. However, as it moved west into Tennessee, its progress slowed. Detours became necessary due to flooding and the crossing of the "black gumbo" of the Mississippi River proved very problematic. Despite high hopes, the Southern United States proved to be the worst part of the trip. The convoy encountered almost impassable sands between Maricopa and Wellton, Arizona.

Like the first convoy, at every stop the expedition was met by local celebrations and dances. After 111 days and an average rate of less than 30 miles per day, the convoy reached the West Coast where an officer's banquet was given in San Diego. After its arrival in San Diego, the convoy then went north to Los Angeles and was broken up, its equipment distributed to California's public services as part of a program to make use of war surplus.^[20]

The officers of the expedition became convinced by their experience that the maintenance of a national highway system should be the province of the federal government, as supported by the Townsend Bill.^[12] However, despite the widespread friendly greetings received by the convoys across the nation, neither generated enough public support to ensure passage of the Townsend Bill, which failed and was replaced by the Federal Highway Act of 1921. Both convoys are identified on the Zero Milestone on the Ellipse in Washington, D.C.

2009 commemoration of 1919 convoy

In the summer of 2009, on the 90th anniversary of the original trek, the Military Vehicle Preservation Association^[21] sponsored a re-enactment of the 1919 convoy. Beginning June 10, following the original route as much as possible and duplicating the original schedule, the convoy set out from Washington, D.C. Over the length of the convoy, more than 150 historic military vehicles,^[29] including fifty military jeeps, nineteen ¾ ton trucks, seven 1½ ton trucks, six 2½ ton trucks, three cargo trucks, nine motorcycles, and four sedans took part. The oldest vehicle to take part was a 1917 four-wheel drive 3 ton ammunition truck.^[21]

The reenactors had three purposes: along with retracing the route of 1919 convoy over the historic Lincoln Highway, they paid tribute to the U.S. military and commemorated the 200th anniversary of the birth of President Abraham Lincoln.^[22]

References

1. ^¹²{{Cite web |last=Eisenhower |first=Bvt. Lt. Col. Dwight D. |authorlink=Dwight D. Eisenhower |date=November 3, 1919 |title=…Trans-Continental Trip |url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/convoy.cfm |format=Report - FHWA transcription of [https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=24 typescript] |location=Rock Island Arsenal |accessdate=2011-03-31 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118163213/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/convoy.cfm |archivedate=November 18, 2010 |df= }}
2. ^{{Cite news |date=March 19, 1918 |title=Truck Makers Supply Both Men and Cars for Army |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/03/19/99438897.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=2011-04-02}}
3. ^{{Cite web |last1=Patrick |first1=Kevin J |last2=Wilson |first2=Robert E |date=August 2002 |title=The Lincoln Highway Resource Guide |url=http://www.chss.iup.edu/kpatrick/LH%20Resource%20Guide%20Contents.shtml |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=2011-04-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wNaJreOQ?url=http://www.chss.iup.edu/kpatrick/LH%20Resource%20Guide%20Contents.shtml |archivedate=2011-02-09 |df= }}
4. ^{{Cite news |date= June 2, 1918 |title=Army and Navy Notes |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/06/02/102705491.pdf |newspaper= The New York Times |accessdate=2011-04-03}}
5. ^{{Cite news |date=July 6, 1919 |title=Motor Truck Caravan to Cross Continent |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/07/06/96327502.pdf |newspaper= The New York Times |accessdate=2011-04-02 |quote=General Charles B. Drake, chief of the Motor Transport Corps … This trip over the Lincoln Highway is in a measure the War Department's contribution towards the good roads cause}}
6. ^{{Cite web |title=1915--The Lincoln Highway Goes Hollywood--1915 |url=http://www.lincoln-highway-museum.org/King/King-Index.html |publisher=Lincoln-Highway-Museum.org |accessdate=2011-04-12 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716135912/http://www.lincoln-highway-museum.org/King/King-Index.html |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}
7. ^{{Cite web |last1=Patrick |first1=Kevin J |last2=Wilson |first2=Robert E |date=August 2002 |title=CH19.1 |url=http://www.chss.iup.edu/kpatrick/LH%20Resource%20Guide%20Contents.shtml |work=The Lincoln Highway Resource Guide |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=2011-04-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wNaJreOQ?url=http://www.chss.iup.edu/kpatrick/LH%20Resource%20Guide%20Contents.shtml |archivedate=2011-02-09 |df= }}
8. ^{{Cite news |date=August 15, 1915 |title=Travel Over Lincoln Highway Fast Increasing |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/08/15/104652304.pdf |newspaper= The New York Times |accessdate=2011-04-11 |quote=At desert points such as Fish Springs, Utah, ... the increase in tourist volume ... from two cars a day in 1913 to eight, nine and ten cars a day on the average in 1915. ... Lincoln Highway motion picture film caravan}}
9. ^{{Cite journal |date=April 2008 |title=Cover |url=http://www.lincolnhighwayassoc.org/ca/traveler/2008-04/traveler-2008-04.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=California Chapter: Lincoln Highway Association |volume=9 |number=2 |journal=The Traveler |accessdate=2011-04-12 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090401/http://www.lincolnhighwayassoc.org/ca/traveler/2008-04/traveler-2008-04.pdf |archivedate=2011-05-15 |df= }}
10. ^{{Cite news |date=May 22, 1915 |title= Lincoln Memorial To Be Scene of Film Feature |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_L4lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U_QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6041,4897769&dq=1915+ostermann+lincoln&hl=en |newspaper= The Star and Sentinel |accessdate=2011-04-12 |quote=for photographing the Lincoln {{sic|mounment}} in the upper end of the National cemetery and as the picture is being taken a number of colored residents of town will pass before it and each will lay a wreath of flowers on the monument of the emancipator of their race.}}
11. ^{{Cite magazine |last=Pfeiffer |first=David A |date=Summer 2006 |volume=38 |number=2 |title=Ike's Interstates at 50: Anniversary of the Highway System Recalls Eisenhower's Role as Catalyst |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/summer/interstates.html |magazine=Prologue |accessdate=2011-03-21 |quote=Motor Transport Corps S.P.U. 595 [sign in photo] …west of Grand Island, Nebraska, soldiers use a winch to pull a Class B truck out of a ditch. Lt. Col. P. V. Kieffer surveys the scene. (Eisenhower Library) |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521205131/http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/summer/interstates.html |archivedate=2011-05-21 |df= }}
12. ^¹²{{Cite report|url=https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/digital_documents/1919Convoy/New%20PDFs/Report%20Jackson%20to%20Moody.pdf|title=…First Transcontinental Motor Convoy|last=Jackson|first=1st Lt Elwell R|date=October 31, 1919|pages=|accessdate=2011-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206123736/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Digital_Documents/1919Convoy/New%20PDFs/Report%20Jackson%20to%20Moody.pdf|format=PDF|deadurl=no|archivedate=December 6, 2010|df=}}
13. ^{{Cite magazine |date=May–June 1975 |volume=58 |number=3 |title=Dusty Doughboys on the Lincoln Highway: The 1919 Army Convoy in Iowa |url=http://iagenweb.org/clinton/places/linchwy.htm |magazine=Palimpsest |accessdate=2011-03-25 |quote=…Marshalltown, and Jefferson offered earlier in the week. … The convoy broke, and repaired,{{When|date=March 2010}} nearly 100 bridges. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401181441/http://iagenweb.org/clinton/places/linchwy.htm |archivedate=2010-04-01 |df= }}
14. ^¹²{{Cite web |date= |title=Principal Facts Concerning the First Transcontinental Army Motor Transport Expedition |url=https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/digital_documents/1919Convoy/New%20PDFs/Principal%20facts.pdf |format=Briefing fact sheet |accessdate=2011-04-06 |quote=Briefed from the official report compiled by William C. Greany … departed from the temporary Zero Milestone |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206123606/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Digital_Documents/1919Convoy/New%20PDFs/Principal%20facts.pdf |archivedate=2010-12-06 |df= }}
15. ^{{Cite magazine |last=Donnelly |first=Jim |date=November 2005 |title=Dwight D. Eisenhower |url=http://assets.hemmings.com/hcc/stories/2005/11/01/hmn_feature10.html |magazine=Hemmings Classic Car |accessdate=2011-03-21}}
16. ^{{Cite report |title=Daily Log of the First Transcontinental Motor Convoy |pages= 60–82 |quote= Ordnance Observer returned to Canton … to investigate accident… Returning, we caught up with Convoy}}
17. ^{{Cite news |date=July 23, 1919 |title=Army Orders |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/07/23/97104708.pdf |newspaper= The New York Times |accessdate=2011-04-06 |quote= Grower, 1st Lt. R. W., to Hazelhurst Field, to accompany the Air Service Transcontinental Recruiting Convoys, then to station in this city. }}
18. ^{{cite news| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/08/14/118156967.pdf |work= The New York Times | title=Weather Delays Flight to Coast; Squadron of Pathfinders Will Start on Transcontinental Trip Today. Plane Bids City Good-Bye Dance to Tunes from Radio Telephone as Craft Circles OverTimes Building | date= August 14, 1919}}
19. ^¹{{Cite news |date=September 12, 1919 |title=Flying Circus of All America Coming to Montana |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ycVlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Oo4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1092,1674459&dq=aerial+convoy&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |location= Gilman, Montana |newspaper=The Times-Optimist |accessdate=2011-04-06}}
20. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/zero.htm |title= Zero Milestone - Washington, D.C. |first= Richard F. |last= Weingroff |work= Highway History |publisher= Federal Highway Administration |date= April 7, 2011 |accessdate= May 23, 2012 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120716194235/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/zero.htm |archivedate= July 16, 2012 |df= }}
21. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.mvpa.org/memsec/downloads/ConvoyParticipantsList3-03-09.pdf |format=PDF |title=Convoy Participants |date=February 2009 |publisher=Military Vehicle Preservation Association |accessdate=2009-05-21 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
22. ^¹{{cite news |url= http://www.the-daily-record.com/news/article/4574974 |title= Historic Military Vehicles Rolling into Area |last= Locher |first= Paul |date= April 27, 2009 |work= The Daily Record |location= Wooster, Ohio |accessdate= 2009-05-21 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220754/http://www.the-daily-record.com/news/article/4574974 |archivedate= July 16, 2011 |df= }}