- Layout
- History
- MouseKeysAccel
- Enabling
- Common usage Replacing the mouse keys Moving the pointer by keys
- See also
- References
Mouse keys is a feature of some graphical user interfaces that uses the keyboard (especially numeric keypad)
as a pointing device (usually replacing a mouse). Its roots lie in the earliest days of visual editors when line and column navigation was controlled with arrow keys
Today, mouse keys usually refers to the numeric keypad layout standardized with the introduction of the X Window System in 1984.[1][2]
Layout
| key | action |
|---|---|
| Num Lock | With Alt-Shift Enable/Disable MouseKeys |
| 8 | cursor up |
| 2 | cursor down |
| 6 | cursor right |
| 4 | cursor left |
| 7 | cursor up and left |
| 9 | cursor up and right |
| 3 | cursor down and right |
| 1 | cursor down and left |
| / | select primary button |
| * | select modifier button |
| - | select alternate button |
| 5 | click selected button |
| + | double click selected button |
| 0 | depress selected button |
| . | release selected button |
| Enter | Enter Key |
History
Historically, MouseKeys supported GUI programs when many terminals had no dedicated pointing device. As pointing devices became ubiquitous, the use of mouse keys narrowed to situations where a pointing device was missing, unusable, or inconvenient. Such situations may arise from the following:
- precision requirements (e.g., technical drawing)
- disabled user or ergonomics issues
- environmental limits (e.g., vibration in car or plane)
- broken/missing/unavailable equipment
MouseKeysAccel
| parameter | meaning |
|---|---|
| mk_delay | milliseconds between the initial key press and first repeated motion event |
| mk_interval | milliseconds between repeated motion events |
| mk_max_speed | steady speed (in action_delta units) applied each event |
| mk_time_to_max | number of events (count) accelerating to steady speed |
| mk_curve | ramp used to reach maximum pointer speed |
The X Window System MouseKeysAccel control applies action (usually cursor movement) repeatedly while a direction key
{1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9} remains depressed.[3] When the key is depressed, an action_delta is immediately applied. If the key remains depressed, longer than mk_delay milliseconds, some action is applied every mk_interval milliseconds until the key is released. If the key remains depressed, after more than mk_time_to_max actions have been applied, action_delta magnified mk_max_speed times, is applied every mk_interval milliseconds.The first mk_time_to_max actions increase smoothly according to an exponential.
| mk_curve | result |
|---|---|
| -1000 | uniform speed, linearly increasing action |
| 0 | uniform acceleration, linearly increasing speed |
| 1000 | uniform jerk, linearly increasing acceleration |
These five parameters are configurable.[4]
Enabling
Under the X Window Systems Xorg and XFree86 used on Unix-like systems such as Linux, BSD, and AIX, MouseKeys (and MouseKeysAccel) is nominally (de)activated by {{key press|Alt}}+{{key press|Left Shift}}+{{key press|Num Lock}}.[5] MouseKeys without acceleration (also known as plot mode) is sometimes available with Shift+NumLock. This is independent of the Window Manager in use and may be overridden by a configuration file. The setxkbmap utility can be used to temporary enable mouse keys under Xorg:[6]
setxkbmap -option keypad:pointerkeysThere are also various utilities to allow more precise control via user-configurable key bindings, such as xmousekeys and xdotool.
MouseKeys for Apple Inc's Mac OS X is enabled and configured via the Accessibility[7] ([apple] → System Preferences → Accessibility → Mouse & Trackpad).
Microsoft changed the method of enabling between Windows 2000,[8] Windows XP (added diagonal cursor movement and MouseKeysAccel),[9] and Windows Vista.[10]Common usage
Replacing the mouse keys
Replacing the mouse keys by the numeric keypad is as follows:
Typing {{key press|5}} (with the numeric keypad) is equivalent to clicking the selected button. By default, the selected button is the primary button (nominally under index finger, left button for most right-handed people and right button for most left-handed people). Typing {{key press|-}} (with the numeric keypad) selects the alternate button (nominally under ring finger, right button for most right-handed people and left button for most left-handed people). Typing {{key press|*}} (with the numeric keypad) selects the modifier button (nominally under the middle finger, middle button of a 3-button mouse). Typing {{key press|/}} (with the numeric keypad) selects the primary button. The selection remains in effect until a different button is selected.
Assignment of left/middle/right button to primary/modifier/alternate, alternate/modifier/primary, or something else is settable by many means. Some mice have a switch, that swaps assignment of right and left keys. Many laptop bioses have a setting for mouse button assignment. Many window managers have a setting that permutes the assignment. Within the X Window System core protocol, permutation can be applied by xmodmap(1).
Moving the pointer by keys
Other than {{key press|5}}, all other numeric keys from the numeric keypad are used to move the pointer on the screen. For example, {{key press|8}} will move the pointer upwards, while {{key press|1}} will move it diagonally downwards to the left.
See also
- FilterKeys feature
- StickyKeys feature
- Togglekeys feature
- On-screen keyboard
References
2. ^The X Keyboard Extension: Library Specification
3. ^The X Keyboard Extension: Library Specification, Library Version 1.0/Document Revision 1.1, X Consortium Standard, X Version 11 / Release 6.4, Keyboard Controls, 10.5.2, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110517131044/http://cvsweb.xfree86.org/cvsweb/xc/doc/specs/XKB/XKBlib/allchaps.ps?rev=1.1&content-type=text/vnd.viewcvs-markup The MouseKeysAccel Control]
4. ^GNOME Documentation Library, Configuring a Keyboard-Based Mouse {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612115254/http://library.gnome.org/users/gnome-access-guide/stable/dtconfig-mousekeys.html.en |date=2010-06-12 }}
5. ^The X Keyboard Extension: Library Specification, Library Version 1.0/Document Revision 1.1, X Consortium Standard, X Version 11 / Release 6.4, Keyboard Controls, 10.5.1, The MouseKeys Control {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517131044/http://cvsweb.xfree86.org/cvsweb/xc/doc/specs/XKB/XKBlib/allchaps.ps?rev=1.1&content-type=text%2Fvnd.viewcvs-markup |date=2011-05-17 }}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/man7/xkeyboard-config.7.html |title=xkeyboard-config manual page |date=2012 |access-date=15 March 2015}}
7. ^[https://www.apple.com/accessibility/macosx/physical.html Apple.com, Mac OS X, Accessibility]
8. ^Microsoft.com, Accessibility Tutorials, Windows 2000, Turning MouseKeys On and Off
9. ^Microsoft.com, Accessibility Tutorials, Windows XP, MouseKeys: Control the Mouse Pointer Using the Numeric Keypad
10. ^Microsoft.com, Accessibility Tutorials, Windows Vista, Control the mouse pointer with the keyboard (Mouse Keys)
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