| 词条 | Traveling library |
| 释义 |
A traveling library is a collection of books lent for stated periods by a central library to a branch library, club, or other organization or, in some instances, to an individual.[1] The chief characteristics from which it derives its name are its temporary location in the place to which the collections of books is sent and the implication that any traveling library will or may be changed for another collection of books. A bookmobile is an example. HistoryThe date of the first traveling library is uncertain. Among its forerunners can be noted the itinerant chapman and ballad seller, the religious colporteur, and the camp library of Napoleon I listed in Bourrienne's Mémoires. The traveling library can also be cited as a logical outgrowth of the "circulating schools" of Wales, promoted in 1730 by Griffith Jones, and the later similar extension schools of the General Assembly of the Kirk of Scotland in the Highlands and the Scottish islands.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} The first really practicable traveling library plan seems to have been started by Samuel Brown in East Lothian, Scotland, in 1817, though it is stated that the principle had been used with some Scottish parish libraries as early as 1810. Brown procured 200 selected volumes "about two-thirds of which were of a moral and religious tendency, while the remainder comprised books of travel, agriculture, the mechanical arts and popular sciences." Four libraries of 50 volumes each were stationed in Aberlady, Saltoun, Tyninghame and Garvald. In 20 years these libraries had increased to 3,850 volumes, distributed through 47 villages. Jean Frédéric Oberlin is said to have founded itinerant libraries in his parish of Waldersbach in the Vosges Mountains at about the same time that the East Lothian libraries were established. Both of these early plans barely survived their founders.[1] A successful system of traveling libraries was begun by the public library of Melbourne in 1860. Oxford University in 1878 and Cambridge University soon after began to send out traveling libraries as an aid to their university extension courses.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} United States{{Quote box|quote = The cheapness and quickness of modern methods of communication has been like a growth of wings, so that a thousand things which were thought to belong like trees in one place may travel about like birds. |source = Melvil Dewey, 1901[2] |width = 30% |align = left |quoted = 1 }}{{multiple image | footer = Box containing "Traveling Library No.1," created by the Vermont Free Public Library Commission, USA, 1901 | width = 150 | image1 = Traveling Library box ca1901 Vermont FreePublicLibraryCommission 1.jpg | alt1 = Traveling Library No.1 exterior | image2 = Traveling Library box ca1901 Vermont FreePublicLibraryCommission 2.jpg | alt2 = Traveling Library No.1 interior }} In the United States, the lyceum movement demonstrated the need of libraries to conserve the results of its work. "Itinerating libraries" and a county system of traveling libraries were proposed as early as 1831. In 1848, the American Seaman's Friend Society began to furnish libraries to American ships, afterward extending its work to naval hospitals and life-saving stations. The United States government has supplied similar libraries to lighthouses. These were exchanged frequently. The first general American traveling libraries supported by public funds were authorized by the New York State Legislature in 1892. The first library was sent out by the New York State Library, and created in part from Melvil Dewey, in February 1893. Beginning with 10 libraries of 100 volumes each the circulation for the first fiscal year was 2,400 volumes. This increased in 1918-19 to a total circulation of 43,958 volumes sent out in 1,099 different collections, with a total stock of 100,641 volumes. Michigan and Montana enacted traveling-library legislation in 1895 and Wisconsin and Iowa in 1896.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} There were also some commercial traveling libraries such as those provided by the H. Parmelee Library Company which was founded in Iowa in 1882. It developed a rotating "package" collection which it called the University of the Traveling Library. The company continued to market its rotating package library as a way of providing, "A Thoroughly Equipped and Permanent Library In every Town and Hamlet in America", after relocating to Chicago in 1898. [3] Description{{unreferenced section|date=November 2014}}A typical system in New York State provided{{when|date=November 2014}} seven different types of traveling libraries:{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
The collections were of two types: fixed and open shelf. Fixed traveling libraries are lent as a unit and the borrower is allowed no substitutions for titles on the list. Open shelf traveling libraries are selected from the general collection of the extension department to meet, as far as possible, the specific desires of the organization or person borrowing the library. The fixed collection is more economical as it ensures the use of the whole collection; the open shelf collection is more flexible and, therefore, more satisfactory to most people. The tendency is toward the open shelf collection. A variant of the traveling library is the bookmobile or mobile library, which delivers books along definite routes radiating from some central library. The great advantages of the traveling library are economy, mobility, and adaptability. The collection is limited to books definitely chosen for some purpose. The obsolete and useless are eliminated. The frequent change of collections gives each group or community receiving the libraries access to the volumes in all the groups. Books on timely topics or those needed to meet changes in community taste can in this way be provided at a minimum cost. The traveling library can be put into the home, the store, or wherever people congregate. It is not limited to any one place. No permanent building or special assistant is needed to make it give fairly satisfactory service if intelligence in selection is shown by the library which issues it. The only records needed are the simplest types of lending records. The traveling library is of special significance in four different directions:
The factory and the machine shop, the social club, and the fraternal organization also find it much to their advantage to have immediately at hand a small, well-chosen collection of books changed often enough to prevent their becoming stale. For school libraries{{unreferenced section|date=November 2014}}The rapid and extensive changes in school curricula and the modern methods of teaching, most of which imply considerable use of material outside the textbook, make the school library more than ever an essential part of a school. The rural and small town schools, no less than the schools in the large cities, need fresh books in their libraries. In most cases the funds available for this purpose are inadequate. The traveling library sent by a library commission, a department of education, or other central agency can fill this need better and at less expense than the local school board. It can supply the books needed to supplement the standard books, the reference books, and the supplementary readers and textbooks which the school must have as a permanent part of its equipment. In many cases, the traveling library will show whether or not the desired book is really needed permanently. For educational extension{{unreferenced section|date=November 2014}}Practically every well-devised scheme of educational extension, whether lyceum movement, university extension, study club, correspondence course, Chautauqua movement or Sunday school, has recognized the need of a small library to conserve and amplify the results of the instruction. The traveling library has demonstrated its value in these cases. It has made it possible for the educational work to be varied in subject. It has enabled the ambitious student to go far beyond the limits of the lecture or the prescribed textbook. It has made true Thomas Carlyle's statement, "The true university of these days is a collection of books." Other types of traveling librariesAnother type of traveling library is a box or small bookcase containing small books for the use of a traveler. Believed to be one of the first versions of the traveling library is the 17th-century Jacobean traveling library. The beautifully crafted wooden case created to house a miniature book collection was most likely commissioned by lawyer, and member of Parliament, William Hakewell in 1617 as New Year's gift for a friend. According to the University of Leeds, Shaped in the form of a large book, the case houses 50 smaller books, creating a portable, traveling library. There are further examples in the collections of Leeds University Library, the British Library (Sir Julius Caesar's travelling library), the Huntington Library and the Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio.[5] See also{{Portal|Libraries}}
References1. ^1 {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Traveling Libraries|first=Frank K. |last=Walter}} 2. ^{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9tRt3MaMZ8C |year=1901 |publisher=State University of New York |department=Home Education Department |work=Bulletin |number=40 |title= Field and Future of Traveling Libraries |author= Melvil Dewey }} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.libraryhistorybuff.com/traveling-us.htm|title=America|website=www.libraryhistorybuff.com|access-date=2018-08-22}} 4. ^The library contains 210 miniature volumes bound in light brown calf leather, ornately embossed and with gilded edges all in lockable double door cabinet. The bookcase is a small compilation of knowledge of history, travel, theater, moral teaching, mathematics, physics, chemistry, physics, economics, botany, poetry and medicine - a total of 148 volumes that every enlightened lady should know and have in its collection. The collection is completed with 62 volumes of French literature - including works by Rousseau, Marmontel, Rabelais, Fontenelle, Florian and Cottin among others. The owner, Countess Dorota Batowska, was a daughter of Aleksander Benedykt Batowski, an officer and Livonian envoy to Four-Year Sejm. 5. ^[https://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/397314 Travelling library]; Leeds University Library Further reading
External links{{commons category|Mobile libraries}}
2 : Mobile libraries|Types of library |
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