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词条 Treaty of Big Tree
释义

  1. Seneca Nation reservations

  2. See also

  3. References

  4. External links

Treaty of Big Tree was a formal treaty signed in 1797 between the Seneca Nation and the United States in which the Seneca relinquished their rights to nearly all of their traditional homeland in New York State— nearly 3.5 million acres.[1] In the 1788 Phelps and Gorham Purchase the Iroquois had previously sold rights to their land between Seneca Lake and the Genesee River. The Treaty of Big Tree signed away their rights to all their territory west of the Genesee River except ten small tracts of land for $100,000 and other consideration (roughly {{inflation|US|100000|1820|fmt=eq|r=-3}}).[2]

The delegates for both parties met from August 20, 1797 until September 16, 1797 at the residence of William Wadsworth, an early pioneer of the area and captain of the local militia, in what is now Geneseo, New York. A meadow between Wadsworth's cabin at Big Tree and the gigantic oak by the river, which gave the place its name, was the site of the conference.

In attendance were nearly three thousand Seneca and other prominent members of the Six Nations of the Iroquois. Representing them were their hoyaneh chiefs: Cornplanter, Red Jacket, Young King, Little Billy, Farmer's Brother, Handsome Lake, Tall Chief, Little Beard and others; the clan mothers of the nation; and Mary Jemison. Those in attendance representing the United States were: Colonel Jeremiah Wadsworth, Commissioner, assigned by President George Washington to represent the United States government; Captain Charles Williamson and Thomas Morris, representing his father; Robert Morris; General William Shepard, representing Massachusetts; William Bayard, representing New York; Theophilus Cazenove and Paolo Busti, representatives for the Holland Land Company; Captain Israel Chapin, representing the Department of Indian Affairs; Joseph Ellicott, land surveyor; and James Rees as acting secretary. The official interpreters were Horatio Jones and Jasper Parrish.

All of the treaty delegates for the United States were housed in William's log cabin and new cobblestone house. A council house was erected by the Seneca and the proceedings were held there. The treaty was signed on September 15, 1797, after nearly a month of, at times heated, back-and-forth negotiations. This treaty is substantial as it opened up the rest of the territory west of the Genesee River for settlement and established ten reservations, perpetual annuities and hunting and fishing rights for the Seneca in Western New York.

Seneca Nation reservations

The following reservations were guaranteed by the treaty:

  • Along the Genesee River, the former Seneca heartland
  • Western New York

The treaty left the exact location and sizes of the Buffalo Creek and Tonawanda Creek reservations undefined. In October, 1798, Augustus Porter, acting on behalf of Joseph Ellicott and the Holland Land Company, conducted a survey of the area. He fixed the boundaries and defined the extent of the Buffalo Creek Reservation at {{convert|83,557|acres|ha}}. In the course of the survey he caused the north-west corner of the tract to be bent so that the mouth of Buffalo Creek would be outside the reservation.[4]

See also

  • Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)
  • Treaty of Canandaigua
  • Treaties of Buffalo Creek
  • Six Nations land cessions

References

1. ^{{cite news|last1=Conable|first1=Barber|title=Treaty of Big Tree 1797-1997|url=http://www.clarioncall.com/gchits/treaty1.html|accessdate=July 30, 2017|work=Genesee Country Magazine|issue=Autumn/Holiday 1997}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=The Treaty of Big Tree (1794)|url=http://www.oswego.edu/library2/archives/digitized_collections/granger/bigtree.html|website=The Erastus Granger Papers|publisher=SUNY Oswego|accessdate=June 20, 2015}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|last1=Beauchamp, S.T.D.|first1=William M.|title=Aboriginal Place Names of New York|journal=Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York|date=1908|volume=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4s7AQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA5&ots=DLFGXbx8OB&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=Oct 25, 2015}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Houghton, M.S.|first1=Frederick|title=The History of the Buffalo Creek Reservation|journal=Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society|date=1920|volume=24|pages=109–116|url=https://archive.org/details/publicationsbuf17socigoog|accessdate=Oct 26, 2015}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Livingston County Historical Society|title=A history of the treaty of Big Tree|date=1897|publisher=Livingston County historical society|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftreatyo00livi|accessdate=Oct 25, 2015}}
  • "Red Jacket; Iroquois Diplomat and Orator", by Christopher Densmore, Syracuse University Press, 1999
  • "Robert Morris and the Treaty of Big Tree", by Norman B. Wilkinson, Organization of American Historians, 1953
  • "The Wadsworths of the Genesee", by Alden Hatch, Goward-McCann, Inc., New York 1959
  • Laurence M. Hauptman, Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State (2001).

External links

  • Treaty of Big Tree
  • 1804 map of the Holland Land Company purchase showing reservations deeded by the Treaty of Big Tree
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5 : United States and Native American treaties|1797 treaties|Aboriginal title in New York|1797 in New York (state)|1797 in the United States
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