| 词条 | Treaty of Constantinople (1590) |
| 释义 |
The Treaty of Constantinople, also known as the Peace of Istanbul{{sfn|Roemer|1986|page=266}}{{sfn|Mitchell|2009|page=178}} or the Treaty of Ferhad Pasha{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|page=698}} ({{lang-tr|Ferhat Paşa Antlaşması}}), was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire ending the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578–1590. It was signed on 21 March 1590 in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul). The war started when the Ottomans, then ruled by Murad III, invaded the Safavid possessions in Georgia, during a period of Safavid weakness.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|pages=95, 698}} With the empire beleaguered on numerous fronts and its domestic matters plagued by civil wars and court intrigues, the new Safavid king Abbas I, who had ascended the throne in 1588, opted for unconditional peace, which lead to the treaty. The treaty put an end to 12 years of hostilities between the two arch rivals.{{sfn|Roemer|1986|page=266}} While both the war and the treaty were a success for the Ottomans, and severely disadvantageous for the Safavids, the new status quo proved to be short lived, as by the next bout of hostilities, several years later, all Safavid losses were recovered. WarAt the time the war commenced, the Safavid Empire was in a chaotic state, and under its weak ruler Mohammad Khodabanda, the Ottomans had managed to take most of the Safavid provinces of Azerbaijan (incl. the former capital Tabriz), Georgia (Kartli, Kakheti, eastern Samtskhe-Meskheti), Karabagh, Erivan, Shirvan and Khuzestan,{{sfn|Roemer|1986|page=266}} despite Mohammad Khodabanda's initially successful counterattack.{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|page=698}}{{sfn|Floor|2001|page=85}} When Abbas I succeeded to the throne in 1588, the Safavid realm was still plagued by domestic issues, and thus the Ottomans managed to push further, taking Baghdad in the very same year and Ganja shortly after.{{sfn|Roemer|1986|page=266}} Confronted by even more problems (i.e. civil wars, uprisings,[1] and the war against the Uzbeks in the northeastern part of the realm), Abbas I agreed to sign a humiliating treaty with disadvantageous terms.{{sfn|Bengio|Litvak|2014|page=61}}[2] TreatyAccording to the treaty, the Ottoman Empire kept most of its gains in the war. These included most of the southern Caucasus (which included the Safavid domains in Georgia, composed of the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti and the eastern part of the Samtskhe-Meskheti principality, as well as the Erivan Province, Karabakh, and Shirvan), the Azerbaijan Province (incl. Tabriz, but not Ardabil, which remained in Safavid hands), Luristan, Dagestan, most of the remaining parts of Kurdistan, Shahrizor, Khuzestan, Baghdad and Mesopotamia.[3] A clause was included in the treaty that stipulated that the Safavids would have to stop cursing the first three caliphs,{{sfn|Floor|Herzig|2015|page=474}}{{sfn|Newman|2012|page=52}} as was common ever since the first major Ottoman-Safavid treaty, namely the Peace of Amasya (1555). The Persians also agreed to pay obeisance to religious leaders of the Sunni faith. AftermathThis treaty was a success for the Ottoman Empire, as vast areas had been annexed. However, the new status quo did not last for long. Abbas I, who now used the time and resources as a result of the peace on the main front with the Ottomans, would successfully deal with the other issues (amongst which, the Uzbeks and the revolts), and bided for a suitable moment to regain his possessions.{{sfn|Blow|2009|page=36}}{{sfn|Mitchell|2009|page=178}} When the Ottoman Empire was engaged with the Jelali revolts, he was able to regain most of his losses, which the Ottoman Empire had to accept in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha, 22 years after this treaty. See also
References1. ^Such as in Shirvan, which was sparked due to heavy taxation (Matthee (1999), p. 21) 2. ^Prof. Yaşar Yücel-Prof. Ali Sevim:Türkiye Tarihi III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp. 21–23, 43–44 3. ^Mikaberidze (2011), p. 698; Meri & Bacharach (2006), p. 581; Iorga (2009), p. 213; Floor & Herzig (2015), p. 474; Newman (2012), p. 52; Bengio & Litvak (2014), p. 61; Mitchell (2009), p. 178 Sources
13 : 1590 in Asia|1590 in Europe|1590 in law|1590 treaties|Iran–Ottoman Empire treaties|Treaties of the Safavid dynasty|History of Istanbul|1590 in the Ottoman Empire|16th century in Iran|Ottoman–Persian Wars|Military history of Georgia (country)|16th century in Georgia (country)|History of the Caucasus |
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