| 词条 | Moxibustion |
| 释义 |
| Name = Moxibustion | Image = File:Moxibustion by Li Tang.jpg | Caption = Moxibustion by Li Tang, Song dynasty | ICD10 = | ICD9unlinked = | MeshID = D009071 | OPS301 = | OtherCodes = }}{{Alternative medicine sidebar}} Moxibustion ({{zh|c={{linktext|灸}}|p=jiǔ}}) is a traditional Chinese medicine therapy which consists of burning dried mugwort (moxa) on particular points on the body. It plays an important role in the traditional medical systems of China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Mongolia. Suppliers usually age the mugwort and grind it up to a fluff; practitioners burn the fluff or process it further into a cigar-shaped stick. They can use it indirectly, with acupuncture needles, or burn it on the patient's skin. TerminologyThe first Western remarks on moxibustion can be found in letters and reports written by Portuguese missionaries in 16th-century Japan. They called it “botão de fogo” (fire button), a term originally used for round-headed Western cautery irons. Hermann Buschoff, who published the first Western book on this matter in 1674 (English edition 1676), used the Japanese pronunciation mogusa. As the u is not very strongly enunciated, he spelled it “Moxa”. Later authors blended “Moxa” with the Latin word combustio (burning).[1][2] The name of the herb Artemisia (mugwort) species used to produce Moxa is and ài or àicǎo ({{lang|zh-Hant|艾}}, {{lang|zh-Hant|艾草}}) in Chinese[3] and yomogi (蓬) in Japan. The Chinese names for moxibustion are jiǔ ( {{lang|zh-Hant|灸}}) or jiǔshù ( {{lang|zh-Hant|灸術}}); the Japanese use the same characters and pronounce them as kyū and kyūjutsu. In Korean the reading is tteum (뜸). Korean folklore attributes the development of moxibustion to the legendary emperor Dangun.[4] Theory and practicePractitioners use moxa to warm regions and meridian points[5] with the intention of stimulating circulation through the points and inducing a smoother flow of blood and qi. Some believe it can treat conditions associated with the "cold" or "yang deficiencies" in Chinese Medicine.[6] It is claimed that moxibustion mitigates against cold and dampness in the body, and can serve to turn breech babies.[7][8] Practitioners claim moxibustion to be especially effective in the treatment of chronic problems, "deficient conditions" (weakness), and gerontology. Bian Que (fl. circa 500 BCE), one of the most famous semi-legendary doctors of Chinese antiquity and the first specialist in moxibustion, discussed the benefits of moxa over acupuncture in his classic work Bian Que Neijing. He asserted that moxa could add new energy to the body and could treat both excess and deficient conditions. Practitioners may use acupuncture needles made of various materials in combination with moxa, depending on the direction of qi flow they wish to stimulate. There are several methods of moxibustion. Three of them are direct scarring, direct non-scarring, and indirect moxibustion. Direct scarring moxibustion places a small cone of moxa on the skin at an acupuncture point and burns it until the skin blisters, which then scars after it heals.[9] Direct non-scarring moxibustion removes the burning moxa before the skin burns enough to scar, unless the burning moxa is left on the skin too long.[9] Indirect moxibustion holds a cigar made of moxa near the acupuncture point to heat the skin, or holds it on an acupuncture needle inserted in the skin to heat the needle.[9] There is also stick-on moxa. Medical researchThe first modern scientific publication on moxibustion was written by the Japanese physician Hara Shimetarō who conducted intensive research about the hematological effects of moxibustion in 1927. Two years later his doctoral dissertation on that matter was accepted by the Medical Faculty of the Kyūshū Imperial University.[10] Hara's last publication appeared in 1981.[11] A Cochrane Review found limited evidence for the use of moxibustion in correcting breech presentation of babies and called for more experimental trials. Side effects included nausea, throat irritation, and abdominal pain from contractions.[12] Moxibustion has also been studied for the treatment of pain,[13] cancer,[14] stroke,[15] ulcerative colitis,[16] constipation,[17] and hypertension.[18] Systematic reviews have found that these studies are of low quality and positive findings could be due to publication bias.[19] Parallel uses of mugwortMugwort amongst other herbs was often bound into smudge sticks. The Chumash people from southern California have a similar ritual.[20] Europeans placed sprigs of mugwort under pillows to provoke dreams; and the herb had associations with the practice of magic in Anglo-Saxon times.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |title=Far Eastern Medicine in Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Century Germany|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2324/2878|author=Wolfgang Michel|author-link=Wolfgang Michel|journal=Gengo bunka ronkyū 言語文化論究|publisher=Kyushu University, Faculty of Languages and Cultures |volume=20 |year=2005 |pages=67–82 |issn=1341-0032}} 2. ^{{cite book |title=English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Theory and Practice |author=Li Zhaoguo |publisher=上海三联书店 |year=2013 |page=11 |isbn=978-7-5426-4084-0 }} 3. ^There is a great variety of further Chinese names (bingtai {{lang|zh-Hans|冰台}}、ecao {{lang|zh-Hans|遏草}}、xiang'ai {{lang|zh-Hans|香艾}}、qiai {{lang|zh-Hans|蕲艾}}、aihao {{lang|zh-Hans|艾蒿}}、jiucao {{lang|zh-Hans|灸草}}﹑yicao {{lang|zh-Hans|医草}}﹑huangcao {{lang|zh-Hans|黄草}}﹑airong {{lang|zh-Hans|艾绒}}) 4. ^{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=0–0tdqBr58cC&pg=PA262&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false 262] | last = Needham | first = J | authorlink = Joseph Needham |author2=Lu GD | year = 2002 | title = Celestial lancets: a history and rationale of acupuncture and moxa | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 0-7007-1458-8 }} 5. ^Not all acupuncture points can be used for moxibustion. A few of them are preferred in both classical literature and modern research: Zusanli (ST-36), Dazhui (GV-14). 6. ^https://www.yinovacenter.com/chinese-medicine/moxibustion/{{full|date=February 2015}} 7. ^American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Winter, 2001, Yoichi Kanakura, et al.{{full|date=August 2016}}{{dead link|date=August 2016}} 8. ^Cochrane Library{{full|date=August 2016}}{{dead link|date=August 2016}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://acupuncturetoday.com/abc/moxibustion.php |title=Moxibustion, Acupuncture Today |publisher=Acupuncturetoday.com |accessdate=2011-05-17}} 10. ^English summary of S. Hara’s findings {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172611/http://www.tcmwellness.tk/2014/04/moxibustions-effect-on-blood-chemistry/#.U5O2Yjp_u9c |date=14 July 2014 }} 11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Watanabe |first1=Shinichiro |last2=Hakata |first2=Hiroshi |last3=Matsuo |first3=Takashi |last4=Hara |first4=Hiroshi |last5=Hara |first5=Shimetaro |year=1981 |title=Effects of Electronic Moxibustion on Immune Response I |journal=Zen Nihon Shinkyu Gakkai zasshi |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=42–50 |doi=10.3777/jjsam.31.42}} 12. ^{{cite journal |last1=Coyle |first1=M. E. |last2=Smith |first2=C. A. |last3=Peat |first3=B |year=2012 |title=Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=CD003928 |pmid=22592693 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003928.pub3}} 13. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1142/S0192415X10008275|pmid=20821815|title=Moxibustion for Treating Pain: A Systematic Review|journal=The American Journal of Chinese Medicine|volume=38|issue=5|pages=829|year=2010|last1=Lee|first1=Myeong Soo|last2=Choi|first2=Tae-Young|last3=Kang|first3=Jung Won|last4=Lee|first4=Beom-Joon|last5=Ernst|first5=Edzard}} 14. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2407-10-130|pmid=20374659|pmc=2873382|title=Moxibustion for cancer care: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=BMC Cancer|volume=10|pages=130|year=2010|last1=Lee|first1=Myeong Soo|last2=Choi|first2=Tae-Young|last3=Park|first3=Ji-Eun|last4=Lee|first4=Song-Shil|last5=Ernst|first5=Edzard}} 15. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.566851|pmid=20150551|title=Moxibustion for Stroke Rehabilitation: Systematic Review|journal=Stroke|volume=41|issue=4|pages=817|year=2010|last1=Lee|first1=M. S.|last2=Shin|first2=B.-C.|last3=Kim|first3=J.-I.|last4=Han|first4=C.-h.|last5=Ernst|first5=E.}} 16. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-230X-10-36|pmid=20374658|pmc=2864201|title=Moxibustion for ulcerative colitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=BMC Gastroenterology|volume=10|pages=36|year=2010|last1=Lee|first1=Dong-Hyo|last2=Kim|first2=Jong-In|last3=Lee|first3=Myeong Soo|last4=Choi|first4=Tae-Young|last5=Choi|first5=Sun-Mi|last6=Ernst|first6=Edzard}} 17. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1749-8546-5-28|pmid=20687948|pmc=2922210|title=Effects of moxibustion for constipation treatment: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials|journal=Chinese Medicine|volume=5|pages=28|year=2010|last1=Lee|first1=Myeong Soo|last2=Choi|first2=Tae-Young|last3=Park|first3=Ji-Eun|last4=Ernst|first4=Edzard}} 18. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2261-10-33|pmid=20602794|pmc=2912786|title=Moxibustion for hypertension: A systematic review|journal=BMC Cardiovascular Disorders|volume=10|pages=33|year=2010|last1=Kim|first1=Jong-In|last2=Choi|first2=Jun-Yong|last3=Lee|first3=Hyangsook|last4=Lee|first4=Myeong Soo|last5=Ernst|first5=Edzard}} 19. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1756-0500-3-284|pmid=21054851|pmc=2987875|title=Does moxibustion work? An overview of systematic reviews|journal=BMC Research Notes|volume=3|pages=284|year=2010|last1=Lee|first1=Myeong Soo|last2=Kang|first2=Jung Won|last3=Ernst|first3=Edzard}} 20. ^{{cite book |title=Chumash Ethnobotany: Plant Knowledge among the Chumash People of Southern California |last=Timbrook |first=Janice|year=2007 |isbn= 978-1-59714-048-5}}{{page needed|date=February 2015}} External links{{commonscat|Moxibustion}}{{wiktionary}}
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