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词条 Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus
释义

  1. Structure and genome

  2. Clinical manifestations

  3. Epidemiology

  4. References

{{Taxobox
| name = Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus
| virus_group = i
| familia = Polyomaviridae
| genus = Orthopolyomavirus
| species = Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus
}}Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (also known as Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus or Human polyomavirus 8, abbreviated TSPyV or TSV) is a virus of the polyomavirus family that infects human hosts. First discovered in 2010, TSPyV is associated with trichodysplasia spinulosa, a rare skin disease only seen in immunocompromised patients.[1] The virus causes hyperproliferation and enlargement of hair follicles by modulating PP2A protein kinase signaling pathways.[2] TSPyV was the eighth human polyomavirus to be discovered, and one of four associated with human disease, out of 13 human polyomaviruses known as of the 2015 update to polyomavirus taxonomy released by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.[3][4][5]

Structure and genome

Like all polyomaviruses, TSPyV has a circular double-stranded DNA genome of around 5.2 kilobases. The genome was originally reported to contain five genes in an organization typical of polyomaviruses, with the small tumor antigen and large tumor antigen genes located in the "early" region of the genome expressed early in the infection cycle, and the viral capsid genes VP1, VP2, and VP3 expressed from the late region.[1] A subsequent study of gene expression during TSPyV infection identified messenger RNA consistent with middle tumor antigen, an early-region protein whose homologs had previously only been reported in polyomaviruses that infect rodents. Middle tumor antigen in mouse and hamster polyomavirus has been closely associated with these viruses' ability to cause tumors. The same study also observed evidence of an additional protein, called tiny T, and of an alternatively spliced form of large tumor antigen known as ALTO.[6]

Clinical manifestations

Trichodysplasia spinulosa is a proliferative skin disorder[7][8] that occurs in immunocompromised people and is considered benign, but can be disfiguring.[9] It was suspected to be associated with viral infection on the basis of the patient population in which it appeared, and electron microscopy studies of clinical samples identified virus-like particles of a size and shape consistent with a polyomavirus.[10][11] Unlike Merkel cell carcinoma caused mostly by Merkel cell polyomavirus, trichodysplasia spinulosa is a dysplasia rather than a neoplasia.[12] TSPyV appears to actively replicate in the hair follicle inner root sheath cells; hyperproliferation of these cells is thought to underlie the clinically observable manifestations of the disease.[8][12] Antiviral drugs such as valganciclovir and cidofovir have shown benefit in treating this disorder in case reports.[13][14]

Epidemiology

As with most human polyomaviruses, TSPyV is a common asymptomatic infection in healthy adults. Estimates of seroprevalence - that is, prevalence of detectable antibodies against viral proteins - in immunocompetent adults range from 70 to 80% in different sample populations.[8][15][16] TSPyV infects the skin, but viral DNA is rarely detectable there in asymptomatic individuals even if they possess antibodies to the virus indicating exposure.[8] TSPyV has been associated with disease only in severely immunocompromised individuals, and then only in a small minority of those in whom the virus is detectable. Individuals with TS symptoms exhibit much higher viral loads than do asymptomatically infected immunocompromised individuals.[1][8]

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | last1 = Van der Meijden | first1 = E | last2 = Janssens | first2 = RWA | last3 = Lauber | first3 = C | last4 = Bouwes Bavinck | first4 = JN | last5 = Gorbalenya | first5 = AE | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = Discovery of a New Human Polyomavirus Associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa in an Immunocompromized Patient | url = | journal = PLoS Pathog | volume = 6 | issue = 7| page = e1001024 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001024 | pmid=20686659 | pmc=2912394}}
2. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Nguyen | first1 = HP | last2 = Patel | first2 = A | last3 = Simonette | first3 = RA | last4 = Rady | first4 = PL | last5 = Tyring | first5 = SK | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = Binding of the Trichodysplasia Spinulosa–Associated Polyomavirus Small T Antigen to Protein Phosphatase 2A: Elucidation of a Potential Pathogenic Mechanism in a Rare Skin Disease | url = http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/1935445 | journal = JAMA Dermatology | volume = 150 | issue = 11| pages = 1234–1236 | doi = 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.1095 | pmid=25389794 }}
3. ^{{cite web|last1=ICTV|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2015 Release|url=http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp?taxnode_id=20153659|accessdate=26 July 2016}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Polyomaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of|first1=Viruses|last2=Calvignac-Spencer|first2=S|last3=Feltkamp|first3=MC|last4=Daugherty|first4=MD|last5=Moens|first5=U|last6=Ramqvist|first6=T|last7=Johne|first7=R|last8=Ehlers|first8=B|title=A taxonomy update for the family Polyomaviridae.|journal=Archives of Virology|date=29 February 2016|doi=10.1007/s00705-016-2794-y|pmid=26923930|volume=161|pages=1739–50}}
5. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 23474680 | doi=10.1038/nrmicro2992 | volume=11 | title=A cornucopia of human polyomaviruses | pmc=3928796 | year=2013 | journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. | pages=264–76 | last1 = DeCaprio | first1 = JA | last2 = Garcea | first2 = RL}}
6. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=van der Meijden|first1=Els|last2=Kazem|first2=Siamaque|last3=Dargel|first3=Christina A.|last4=van Vuren|first4=Nick|last5=Hensbergen|first5=Paul J.|last6=Feltkamp|first6=Mariet C. W.|last7=Imperiale|first7=M. J.|title=Characterization of T Antigens, Including Middle T and Alternative T, Expressed by the Human Polyomavirus Associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa|journal=Journal of Virology|date=15 September 2015|volume=89|issue=18|pages=9427–9439|doi=10.1128/JVI.00911-15|pmid=26136575|pmc=4542345}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kazem|first1=Siamaque|last2=van der Meijden|first2=Els|last3=Wang|first3=Richard C.|last4=Rosenberg|first4=Arlene S.|last5=Pope|first5=Elena|last6=Benoit|first6=Taylor|last7=Fleckman|first7=Philip|last8=Feltkamp|first8=Mariet C. W.|last9=Deb|first9=Sumitra|title=Polyomavirus-Associated Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Involves Hyperproliferation, pRB Phosphorylation and Upregulation of p16 and p21|journal=PLoS ONE|date=7 October 2014|volume=9|issue=10|pages=e108947|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108947 |pmid=25291363 | pmc=4188587}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last1=Kazem|first1=Siamaque|last2=van der Meijden|first2=Els|last3=Feltkamp|first3=Mariet C. W.|title=The trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus: virological background and clinical implications|journal=APMIS|date=August 2013|volume=121|issue=8|pages=770–782|doi=10.1111/apm.12092|pmid=23593936}}
9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=J.H.|last2=Nguyen|first2=H.P.|last3=Rady|first3=P.L.|last4=Tyring|first4=S.K.|title=Molecular insight into the viral biology and clinical features of trichodysplasia spinulosa|journal=British Journal of Dermatology|date=March 2016|volume=174|issue=3|pages=490–498|doi=10.1111/bjd.14239}}
10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Haycox|first1=CL|last2=Kim|first2=S|last3=Fleckman|first3=P|last4=Smith|first4=LT|last5=Piepkorn|first5=M|last6=Sundberg|first6=JP|last7=Howell|first7=DN|last8=Miller|first8=SE|title=Trichodysplasia spinulosa--a newly described folliculocentric viral infection in an immunocompromised host.|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings|date=December 1999|volume=4|issue=3|pages=268–71|pmid=10674379|doi=10.1038/sj.jidsp.5640227}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Osswald|first1=Sandra S.|last2=Kulick|first2=Kevin B.|last3=Tomaszewski|first3=Maria-Magdalena|last4=Sperling|first4=Leonard C.|title=Viral-associated trichodysplasia in a patient with lymphoma: a case report and review|journal=Journal of Cutaneous Pathology|date=September 2007|volume=34|issue=9|pages=721–725|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00693.x}}
12. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Kazem|first1=Siamaque|last2=van der Meijden|first2=Els|last3=Kooijman|first3=Sander|last4=Rosenberg|first4=Arlene S.|last5=Hughey|first5=Lauren C.|last6=Browning|first6=John C.|last7=Sadler|first7=Genevieve|last8=Busam|first8=Klaus|last9=Pope|first9=Elena|last10=Benoit|first10=Taylor|last11=Fleckman|first11=Philip|last12=de Vries|first12=Esther|last13=Eekhof|first13=Just A.|last14=Feltkamp|first14=Mariet C.W.|title=Trichodysplasia spinulosa is characterized by active polyomavirus infection|journal=Journal of Clinical Virology|date=March 2012|volume=53|issue=3|pages=225–230|doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2011.11.007|pmid=22196870}}
13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Holzer|first1=Aton M.|last2=Hughey|first2=Lauren C.|title=Trichodysplasia of immunosuppression treated with oral valganciclovir|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|date=January 2009|volume=60|issue=1|pages=169–172|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.051| pmid=19103376|pmc=2708076}}
14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Wanat|first1=Karolyn A.|title=Viral-Associated Trichodysplasia|journal=Archives of Dermatology|date=1 February 2012|volume=148|issue=2|pages=219|doi=10.1001/archdermatol.2011.1413|pmc=3346264}}
15. ^{{cite journal|last1=van der Meijden|first1=E|last2=Kazem|first2=S|last3=Burgers|first3=MM|last4=Janssens|first4=R|last5=Bouwes Bavinck|first5=JN|last6=de Melker|first6=H|last7=Feltkamp|first7=MC|title=Seroprevalence of trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus.|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=August 2011|volume=17|issue=8|pages=1355–63|pmid=21801610|doi=10.3201/eid1708.110114|pmc=3381547}}
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{{Human polyomaviruses}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

1 : Polyomaviridae
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