| 词条 | Tropical Storm Bret (1981) |
| 释义 |
| Name=Tropical Storm Bret | Type=Tropical Storm | Year=1981 | Basin=Atl | Image location=Bret 1981-06-30 1615Z.png | Image name=Tropical Storm Bret on June 30 | Formed={{start-date|June 29, 1981}} | Dissipated={{end-date|July 1, 1981}} | 1-min winds=60 | Pressure=996 | Fatalities=1 direct | Areas=Mid-Atlantic, Ohio River Valley | Hurricane season=1981 Atlantic hurricane season }} Tropical Storm Bret made a rare landfall on the Delmarva Peninsula in June 1981. The fifth tropical cyclone and second named storm of the season, Bret developed as a subtropical storm from a large area of frontal clouds near Bermuda on June 29. Moving westward, the subtropical storm intensified while producing deep convection, and was consequently reclassified as a tropical storm early on June 30. Around that time, Bret peaked with sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). The storm then began weakening and struck near Oyster, Virginia as a minimal tropical storm early on July 1. Upon moving inland, Bret weakened to a tropical depression and subsequently accelerated prior to dissipating over northern Virginia that same day. In its early stages, Bret dropped light rainfall on Bermuda, peaking at {{convert|3.34|in|mm}}. Impact in the United States was generally minor. In Virginia, the storm produced up to {{convert|4.48|in|mm}} of rain in Big Meadows section of Shenandoah National Park. Along the coast, minor beach erosion occurred due to tides up to {{convert|0.9|ft|m}} above normal. In western Pennsylvania, locally heavy rainfall flooded some streets and basements. Elsewhere, Bret dropped {{convert|1|to|3|in|mm}} of precipitation to several states. One fatality was confirmed after a woman was killed by rip currents at Nags Head, North Carolina. Meteorological history{{storm path|Bret 1981 track.png}}A large band of frontal clouds became situated over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean on June 27. By the following day, satellite imagery indicated that a low-pressure area began developing northwest of Bermuda, along the northwest periphery of the frontal cloud band. Substantial amounts of deep convection eventually formed north and west of the low center. Thus, the system was designated as a subtropical storm at 1200 UTC on June 29, while centered approximately {{convert|575|mi|km}} east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The system continued to gain convection and intensify while tracking westward toward the Mid-Atlantic states at a forward speed of {{convert|20|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Early on June 30, a well-defined atmospheric circulation became apparent on infrared satellite imagery. As a result, subtropical storm transitioned into Tropical Storm Bret later that day at 0600 UTC.[1] Upon becoming a tropical cyclone early on June 30, Bret attained maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). About six hours later, at 1200 UTC, the storm also attained its minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|996|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.[1] Around 2200 UTC on June 30, a reconnaissance aircraft flight observed hurricane-force winds, though Bret was not upgraded to a hurricane because the minimum barometric pressure was considered too high.[2] About an hour later, the National Hurricane Center noted that Bret was moving westward toward Virginia at 20 mph (25 km/h) and entering a region of colder sea surface temperatures, causing further intensification to become unlikely.[3] Subsequently, the storm curved west-northwestward and rapidly weakened. At 0500 UTC on July 1, Bret made landfall near Oyster, Virginia on the Delmarva Peninsula as a minimal tropical storm. About an hour later, the storm emerged into the Chesapeake Bay and weakened to a tropical depression. Later on July 1, Bret moved inland over mainland Virginia and continued to weaken, until dissipating over the northern portion of the state.[1] Preparations and impactIn its early stages, the subtropical precursor of Bret tracked north of Bermuda and dropped light rainfall on the island, peaking at {{convert|3.34|in|mm}}.{{Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}} While Bret was approaching the East Coast of the United States, various National Weather Service offices issued gale warnings. At 2000 UTC on June 30, a gale-force warning was issued for a portion of the North Carolina coastline extending from Cape Hatteras northward, including Albemarle and Pamlico sounds.[4] Simultaneously, another gale warning was issued for areas along the Chesapeake Bay south of the Patuxent River in Maryland and on the east coast from Ocean City, Maryland to Virginia Beach, Virginia.[5] Around 0300 UTC on July 1, all gale warnings were discontinued in North Carolina, [6] while the remaining warnings in Maryland and Virginia were canceled about five hours later.[7] Additionally, a small craft advisory was also posted for the North Carolina and Virginia coastlines.[4] Officials in North Carolina closed off beaches at Nags Head, Kitty Hawk, and Kill Devil Hills from swimmers due to rip currents and tides.[8] After Bret dissipated, the small craft warning remained in effect and mariners were told to remain in port until the weather calmed.[9] In Virginia, Bret produced relatively light rainfall, peaking at {{convert|4.48|in|mm}} in Big Meadows, a section of Shenandoah National Park.{{Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}} At the time of Bret's landfall, portions of the Mid-Atlantic states were experiencing a strong drought, though the amounts of precipitation were not enough for farmers in Virginia to save their crops.[10] In Virginia Beach, local street flooding and a brief tornado were reported.[11] Minor beach erosion occurred in the area due to tides reaching about {{convert|0.9|ft|m}} above normal.[12] One fatality was confirmed in North Carolina when a woman was killed after getting stuck in rip currents at Nags Head. Offshore, two boats lost contact with the Coast Guard during the approach to land, one of which washed up at Cape May, New Jersey and the other on the Virginia coast.[13] The Coast Guard began cleanup of an oil spill at Nags Head caused by Bret off the coast. About {{convert|8|mi|km}} of the shoreline was filled with oil, little of which polluted the water. Most of the oil was thin and easily cleanup private contractor.[14] Locally heavy rainfall in western Pennsylvania flooded streets and basements in some areas. The town of Brookville was inundated with up to {{convert|4|in|mm}} of water.[15] Elsewhere, Bret dropped {{convert|1|to|3|in|mm}} of precipitation in several states.[16] Overall, no considerable damage was reported.[1] See also{{Commons and category|Tropical Storm Bret (1981)}}
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0117-jpg/1981/atlantic/bret/prenhc/prelim_bret_0629-0701.03.jpg|title=Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Bret 29 June – 01 July 1981|author=Miles B. Lawrence|date=July 11, 1981|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}} 2. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0117-jpg/1981/atlantic/bret/tropdisc/tcd06302000z.jpg|title=Tropical Storm Bret Tropical Discussion 1|author=Gilbert B. Clark|date=June 30, 1981|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}} 3. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0117-jpg/1981/atlantic/bret/tropdisc/tcd06302100z.jpg|title=Tropical Storm Bret Tropical Discussion 2|author=Gilbert B. Clark|date=June 30, 1981|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}} 4. ^1 {{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0117-jpg/1981/atlantic/bret/local/rdu06301940z.jpg|title=Gale Warning|author=JBP|date=June 30, 1981|work=National Weather Service Raleigh, North Carolina|publisher=National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Raleigh, North Carolina}} 5. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0117-jpg/1981/atlantic/bret/local/dca06301945z.jpg|title=Gale Warning|author=Werner|date=June 30, 1981|work=National Weather Service Washington, D.C.|publisher=National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Washington, D.C.}} 6. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0117-jpg/1981/atlantic/bret/tropdisc/tcd07010300z.jpg|title=Tropical Cyclone Discussion Tropical Storm Bret|author=John R. Hope|date=July 1, 1981|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}} 7. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0117-jpg/1981/atlantic/bret/tropdisc/tcd07010800z.jpg|title=Tropical Cyclone Discussion Tropical Storm Bret|author=Miles B. Lawrence|date=July 1, 1981|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1lc0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=2cwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4254,73361&dq=tropical+storm+bret+1981&hl=en|title=Tropical Storm Bret Closes N.C. Beaches|date=July 1, 1981|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Nags Head, North Carolina}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=54EmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SwEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=3809,51974&dq=tropical+storm+bret+1981&hl=en|title=Tropical Storm Bret Dissolves As It Reaches the Virginia Coastline|date=July 1, 1981|newspaper=The Miami News|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n_oSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KYsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5043,4224&hl=en|title=Rainfall Not Enough For Farmers|date=July 1, 1981|newspaper=The Free-Lance Star|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Fredericksburg, Virginia}} 11. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1981.pdf|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1981|author=Miles B. Lawrence and Joseph M. Pelissier|date=July 1982|work=National Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|pages=854|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Miami, Florida|format=PDF}} 12. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0117-jpg/1981/atlantic/bret/postevent/report_orf_0707.01.jpg|title=Storm Report, Tropical Storm Bret and Heavy Rains and Tornado July 4, 1981|author=Terry A. Rittin|date=July 13, 1981|work=National Weather Service Norfolk, Virginia|publisher=National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Norfolk, Virginia}} 13. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rwgvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vqQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1898,562810&dq=tropical+storm+bret+1981&hl=en|title=Yachts Safe After Storm|date=July 3, 1981|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Montreal, Quebec}} 14. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=14QsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z80EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5826,531034&dq=tropical+storm+bret+1981&hl=en|title=Cleanup Begins|date=July 2, 1981|newspaper=Spartanburg Herald-Journal|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Spartanburg, South Carolina}} 15. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=14QsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z80EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5826,531034&dq=tropical+storm+bret+1981&hl=en|title=Cleanup Begins|date=July 2, 1981|newspaper=Spartanburg Herald-Journal|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=Spartanburg, South Carolina}} 16. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/bret1981.html|title=Tropical Storm Bret - June 29-July 3, 1981|author=David M. Roth|date=March 6, 2013|work=Weather Prediction Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=January 1, 2014|location=College Park, Maryland}} External links
2 : 1981 Atlantic hurricane season|Atlantic tropical storms |
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