“Tropical Storm Ignacio (1997)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Tropical Storm Ignacio was a weak tropical cyclone affected parts of the western United States in August 1997. The 12th tropical cyclone and 9th named storm of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season, Ignacio formed west of Mexico from a weather disturbance embedded within a more broad system. It was classified as a tropical depression on August 17, and although it quickly intensified into a tropical storm, harsher environmental conditions caused it to begin weakening as the cyclone moved northward. On August 19, Ignacio transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it approached California, where its remnants produced unprecedented August rainfall, numerous traffic accidents, and 78,000 power outages.

Meteorological history

Tropical Storm Ignacio originated in a broad region of active weather that persisted west of Mexico during the middle of August 1997. Among multiple other disturbances, the precursor to Ignacio developed on August 16, well to the southwest of the Baja California Peninsula. Later that day, banding features formed and convection began turning counterclockwise around a nascent area of low pressure in the middle levels of the atmosphere. It continued to become better organized, and at 0000 UTC on August 17, the National Hurricane Center classified it a tropical depression. At the time, the storm was situated approximately {{convert|520|mi|km|abbr=on}} southwest of Cabo San Lucas, outside of the area in which tropical cyclones usually form in the Eastern Pacific Ocean basin.^[1]

The depression moved northwestward at {{convert|11|to|17|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} under the steering currents of mid- to upper-level trough of low pressure off the coast of California. A burst of deep convection formed near the cyclone's center early on August 17, and its estimated maximum sustained winds subsequently increased to {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. As such, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Ignacio at 1200 UTC. At the same time, the storm reached its lowest recorded barometric pressure of 1005 millibars. However, due to increasingly colder waters and the presence of inhibiting southwesterly wind shear, it immediately stopped intensifying. Ignacio maintained tropical storm status for a short time, and early on August 18, it weakened back into a depression.^[1]

During its weakening stage, deep convection existed only in the northwestern quadrant of the circulation. On August 19, cold cloud tops reappeared, although this brief revival has been attributed to non-tropical baroclinic instability. At 1200 UTC, the depression was declared extratropical, and it continued northward until dissipating near California a day later. Moisture from the system persisted as it passed through the state and the Pacific Northwest, ultimately merging with a larger extratropical cyclone involving the remnants of Hurricane Guillermo.^[1]

Impact

As a tropical cyclone, Ignacio had little or no effect on land. However, its remnants produced unprecedented precipitation in parts of coastal California.^[1] Rainfall accumulations reached record levels in some areas,^[2] amounting to as much as {{convert|2.17|in|mm|abbr=on}}. San Francisco received about {{convert|1|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation,^[1] leading to its wettest August on record, and also constituting the city's first ever recorded rainfall on the date of August 19.^[3] In contrast, the area usually receives just trace of moisture during August.^[4] By the estimation of one meteorologist, the atypical rainfall represented a 1-in-50-year event.^[9] A Major League Baseball game at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum on August 19 was canceled due to the inclement weather.^[10] The atypical rainfall triggered isolated flash flooding in some locations and a debris flow about {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep.^[5] Wine grape were adversely impacted by the heavy rainfall from Ignacio, which ruined about 10% of the year's Chardonnay and Sauvignon grapes.^[6] The unfavorable growing conditions were compounded by further rains from Hurricane Linda in September, creating what was described as a "tumultuous" year for the crops.^[7]

The storm contributed to numerous weather-related traffic accidents, at least one of them classified as major.^[4] Around 20 collisions occurred on the night of August 19 across the San Francisco Peninsula.^[9] Two crashes on Interstate 80 forced the closure of four lanes for 30 minutes,^[4] while California State Route 9 was blocked in Saratoga by a large tree which fell due to saturated soil.^[8] It is unclear how many injuries resulted from the various incidents.^[4] Thunderstorms associated with the storm system left about 78,000 electric customers in Sonoma County without power after lightning struck a power substation.^[9] The outages lasted up to a few hours.^[10] Lightning also knocked three workers unconscious in a vineyard near Lodi;^[11] they were in good condition after hospitalization.^[4]

Rainfall extended as far north as the northwestern United States,^[3] ending an unusually long, 35-day dry spell at Astoria, Oregon.^[12] It remains the most significant rainfall from a tropical cyclone in the states of Washington and Oregon.^[13]

See also

References

1. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|author=Edward N. Rappaport|title=Tropical Storm Ignacio Preliminary Report|date=August 27, 1997|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=July 9, 2010|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997ignacio.html}}
2. ^{{cite news|author=Steve Smith|title=Tropical storms|date=August 22, 1997|publisher=The Spokesman-Review|accessdate=July 9, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OM4zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-fEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4679,2074254&dq=tropical-storm-ignacio&hl=en}}
3. ^¹{{cite news|author=Associated Press|title=Record rainfall on West Coast|date=August 21, 1997|publisher=The Tuscaloosa News|accessdate=July 9, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DwciAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GqYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5576,3892339&dq=tropical-storm-ignacio&hl=en}}
4. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|author=Associated Press|title=Summer storm causes accidents|date=August 20, 1997|publisher=Lodi News-Sentinel|accessdate=July 9, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jss0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IyEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=6991,5673399&dq=tropical-storm-ignacio&hl=en}}
5. ^{{cite web|author=|title=Event Record Details: Flash Flood|date=|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|accessdate=July 9, 2010|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~283112|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906183642/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~283112|archivedate=September 6, 2009|df=}}
6. ^{{cite news|author=Richard Price|title=Girding for El Nino: for some, 'It's almost reached the level of panic'|date=September 22, 1997|work=USA Today|via=LexisNexis}}
7. ^{{cite book|page=173|author=Charles Lewis Sullivan|title=Zinfandel: a history of a grape and its wine|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-23969-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7RlnUlaHJUC&pg=PA173}}
8. ^¹²{{cite news|author=Brandon Bailey|title=Blame humidity on Ignacio aftermath; dry weather returns to forecast as unusual storm heads north|date=August 21, 1997|work=San Jose Mercury News|via=LexisNexis}}
9. ^{{cite news|author=|title=Thunder Punctuates Unseasonal Rain|date=August 20, 1997|publisher=The Contra Costa Times|accessdate=July 9, 2010|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CC&s_site=contracostatimes&p_multi=CC&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1063FDAEC652D7CD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM}}
10. ^¹{{cite news|author=Michelle Quinn|title=Not your typical August skies; weather watches savor rare summer rain|date=August 20, 1997|work=San Jose Mercury News|via=LexisNexis}}
11. ^{{cite news|author=|title=Tropical Storm Wets Capital|date=August 20, 1997|publisher=The Sacramento Bee|accessdate=July 9, 2010|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SB&p_theme=sb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB046810C3922C1&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Crop Production: Drought Severity|date=September 12, 1997|publisher=National Agricultural Statistics Service|accessdate=July 9, 2010|url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/CropProd//1990s/1997/CropProd-09-12-1997.txt}}
13. ^{{cite web|author=David Roth|title=Maximum Rainfall caused by Tropical Cyclones and their remnants per state (1961–2009)|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|accessdate=July 9, 2010|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcstatemaxima.gif}}