词条 | Tuninter Flight 1153 |
释义 |
|occurrence_type = Accident |Name = Tuninter Flight 1153 |Date = 6 August 2005 |Type = Ditching due to fuel exhaustion |image = Tuninter ATR 72-202 on final approach at Malta International Airport.jpg |caption = TS-LBB, the ATR 72 involved in the accident, 2002 |Aircraft Type = ATR 72–202 |Ship name = Habib Bourguiba |tail_number = TS-LBB |Operator = Tuninter |Site = Mediterranean Sea, near Sicily |Coordinates = {{coord|38|24|16|N|13|27|30|E|type:event|display =inline,title}} |Origin = Bari International Airport, Italy |Destination = Djerba-Zarzis Airport, Tunisia |occupants = 39 |passengers = 35 |crew = 4 |Injuries = 11 |Fatalities = 16 |Survivors = 23 }} Tuninter Flight 1153 (UG1153/TUX1153) was a Tuninter Airlines international flight from Bari International Airport in Bari, Italy, to Djerba-Zarzis Airport in Djerba, Tunisia. On 6 August 2005, the Tuninter ATR-72 ditched into the Mediterranean Sea about 18 miles (29 km) from the city of Palermo. Sixteen of the 39 people on board died. The accident resulted from fuel exhaustion due to the installation of fuel quantity indicators designed for the ATR 42, in the larger ATR 72.[1][2] It was also Tuninter's first fatal accident in the 14-year history of the company. HistoryThe flight was under the command of 45-year-old Captain Chafik Al Gharbi (شفيق الغربي), a skilled and experienced pilot with a total of 7,182 flight hours. The co-pilot, 28-year-old Ali Kebaier Al-Aswad (علي كبيّر الأسود), had logged 2,431 flight hours. Both the captain and co-pilot were well-acquainted with the ATR 72, having accrued 5,582 hours and 2,130 hours in it, respectively. The aircraft, an ATR 72–202, had its fuel quantity indicator (FQI) replaced the night before the flight, but technicians inadvertently installed a FQI designed for the ATR 42, a similar but smaller airplane with smaller fuel tanks. Ground crews and the flight engineer, relying on the incorrect readings from the newly installed FQI, loaded the aircraft with an inadequate amount of fuel for the flight. On the flight from Bari to Djerba, both engines cut out in mid-flight. The aircraft's right engine failed at 23,000 feet (7,000 metres). The aircraft began to descend to 17,000 feet, but 100 seconds after the right engine failure, the left engine also failed. The flight crew did not detect the fuel exhaustion because the incorrectly installed ATR 42 gauge indicated an adequate amount of fuel in the tanks, even after all of the usable fuel had been consumed. After the engine failure, the Captain requested an emergency landing in Palermo, Sicily. The crew tried repeatedly but unsuccessfully to restart the engines as they navigated to Palermo. The ATR glided for 16 minutes, but was unable to reach the runway and the plane was forced to ditch into the sea, 23 nautical miles (43 kilometres) northeast of Palermo International Airport at the speed of {{convert|145|mph|m/s km/h|abbr=off}}. The aircraft broke into three sections upon impact.[3] The entire aircraft floated for some time after the crash, but only the central fuselage and the wings remained floating. Patrol boats from Palermo arrived 46 minutes after the ditching and began the rescue and recovery.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} PassengersOne of the four crew members died—a flight attendant—and 15 out of the 35 passengers died. The engineer who died was not a part of the flight crew but had been called to the flight deck by the pilot and copilot after both engines failed; because he was not officially part of the crew, his death was accounted for as a passenger death. The flight's other flight attendant survived. All of the paying passengers were Italian, while the crew and the engineer were Tunisian.[4] Autopsies indicated that many of the dead succumbed to the impact.[5] Autopsies established that eight passengers who received injuries during the impact were unable to escape from the aircraft due to their injuries and ultimately drowned.[4] Most of the survivors were seated in the rear of the ATR 72, while most of the passengers who died were in the front.[6] Three dead passengers, including the engineer who tried to help the plane's crew, were found on the seabed. The ANSV stated that the cause of death of these passengers was difficult to determine.[4] InvestigationThe investigation revealed several factors leading to the crash.
Simulation results suggest that handled optimally, the ATR could have reached Palermo with the tail wind of that day. Two crews flew a simulator at ATR's facility in France from the same starting conditions. By feathering the propellers and reducing the speed to the optimal gliding speed, one made a landing at Palermo and one ditched one mile short of the runway. The fundamental difference was that the simulator pilots knew what was happening and responded accordingly. In contrast, the Captain of the Tuninter ATR focused initially on trying to restart the engines in the hope they would respond, not knowing that this was impossible as the aircraft was out of fuel. When the engines could not be restarted, the Captain focused on selecting a place to ditch the aircraft. Unlike the simulator pilots, Gharbi had a lack of instruments and experienced radio interruptions. The final investigative report suggested that airlines train their pilots to deal with unusual situations.[6] AftermathTuninter compensated each family of a victim or survivor with €20,000. On 7 September 2005 the Italian government banned Tuninter from flying into Italian airspace.[8] Tuninter rebranded itself as Sevenair and had scheduled flights into Italy again as of 2007.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} Criminal convictionIn March 2009, an Italian court sentenced the pilot, Chafik Garbi, to 10 years in prison for manslaughter. Prosecutors said that after the plane's engines stopped functioning, Garbi succumbed to panic, started praying,[9] and failed to follow emergency procedures, and that he could possibly have reached runway 25 of Falcone–Borsellino Airport, or even the standard runway 20. Six others, including the co-pilot as well as the chief operating officer of Tuninter Airlines, were sentenced to between eight and 10 years. As of 2009 they had not started serving time, pending the appeals process.[10] The International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations protested the flight crews' criminal sentences, calling the investigation "injustice" and the sentences "flawed".[11] The criminal investigation and subsequent sentencing caused considerable controversy in Tunisia and, to a lesser extent, in the civil aviation world.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The official investigation was accused{{by whom|date= August 2018}} of being one-sided and of ignoring mistakes made by Italian air traffic controllers. Unedited cockpit recordings leaked to the public demonstrated the Palermo air traffic controller as having a poor grasp of English, failing to assign the distressed flight its own radio frequency on which to communicate, and giving the pilots incomplete and/or useless information about their position. These cockpit recordings were omitted from the official investigation report.[12] DramatizationThe crash was featured in Season 7 of the Canadian made, internationally distributed documentary series Mayday, in the episode "Falling Fast". See also{{Portal|Tunisia|Italy|Aviation|2000s|Disasters}}
References1. ^"Plane crash off Sicily kills 13." BBC. Saturday 6 August 2005. 2. ^http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050806-0 3. ^Tuninter ATR 72 had been fitted with wrong fuel gauge, Flight International, 13 September 2005. Retrieved on 10 January 2009. 4. ^1 2 Final Accident Report – ANSV. 5. ^Sicily air crash team check fuel, BBC, Monday, 8 August 2005. 6. ^1 "Ditch the Plane." ("Falling Fast") Mayday. 7. ^1 2 3 8. ^"Human Error Is Common Thread in Spate of Air Crashes." Air Safety Week. 19 September 2005. 1. 9. ^http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7962082.stm 10. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/europe/7962082.stm | work=BBC News | title=Pilot jailed for Sicily air crash | date=24 March 2009 | accessdate=26 May 2010}} 11. ^http://www.ifalpa.org/downloads/Tuninter.pdf (retrieved March 2013) – https://www.webcitation.org/6Kuvy0x22?url=http://www.ifalpa.org/downloads/Tuninter.pdf 12. ^Otelli, Jean-Pierre: Erreurs de pilotage, Tome 4, {{ISBN|978-952-5877-12-0}} pg.9–40 External links{{Wikinews|Plane ditches into sea near Sicily}}
9 : Aviation accidents and incidents in 2005|Airliner accidents and incidents involving ditching|Airliner accidents and incidents caused by fuel exhaustion|Accidents and incidents involving the ATR 72|Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error|Airliner accidents and incidents caused by maintenance errors|August 2005 events in Europe|Italy–Tunisia relations|Aviation accidents and incidents in Italy |
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