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词条 Turks in Lebanon
释义

  1. History

     Ottoman rule  Cretan Turks  Mainland Turkish migration  Syrian Turkmen refugees 

  2. Demographics

     Population  Areas of settlement 

  3. Politics

     Organisations 

  4. Notable people

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Turks in Lebanon
| image =
| caption =
| population = Turkish minority: 50,000–80,000[1][2][3]
(1%-1.7% of Lebanese population)
In addition, Syrian Turkmen refugees: 120,000–150,000[4]
| popplace = {{hlist|Akkar | Baalbeck | Beirut | Tripoli}}
| langs ={{hlist|Arabic (Lebanese Arabic)|Turkish}}
| rels = Sunni Islam
}}

Turks in Lebanon, also known as Lebanese Turks ({{lang-tr|{{italics correction|Lübnan Türkleri}}}}), are people of Turkish ancestry that live in Lebanon. Turks have been present in Lebanon ever since Ottoman rule of the region.

History

Ottoman rule

Lebanon became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1516, and Turks were brought into the region along with Sultan Selim I’s army during his campaign to Egypt and were settled in the conquered lands. Turkish colonists were encouraged to stay in Lebanon by being rewarded with land and money.[4]

Cretan Turks

The history of the Cretan Turks in Lebanon began when the Ottoman Empire lost its dominion over the island of Crete.[5] After 1897, when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the island, they sent ships to protect the island’s Cretan Turks. Most of these Turks were settled in Izmir and Mersin, but some of them were also sent to Tripoli and Damascus.[5] After World War I, the Ottoman Empire lost Lebanon, however, some of the Cretan Turks remained in Tripoli where their relatives lived. Today, there are about 10,000 Cretan Turks remaining in Tripoli.[5]

Mainland Turkish migration

In the 1950s, thousands of Turks left the city of Mardin and headed for Lebanon because of the economic crisis and high unemployment rate in Turkey.[6] Many of these migrants settled in Beirut and could already speak Arabic. Therefore, they quickly adapted to life in Lebanon.[6]

Syrian Turkmen refugees

In October 2015 the Syrian independent newspaper Zaman Al Wasl reported that 125,000 to 150,000 Syrian Turkmen refugees, who have escaped from the Syrian civil war, have settled in Lebanon, and hence they now outnumber the Turkish minority of Lebanon.[7]

Demographics

Population

The Turkish community in Lebanon currently numbers about 80,000.[1] In addition, there is 120,000-150,000 Syrian Turkmen refugees, part of the Syrian refugee population in Lebanon, living in the country as a result of the Syrian Civil War.[7]

Areas of settlement

The descendants of the early Ottoman Turkish settlers mainly live in Akkar (including the villages of Kouachra and Aydamun) and Baalbeck,[8] while the descendants of the later Ottoman Turkish arrivals, mainly the Cretan Turks, currently live in Tripoli.[8] More recent Turkish arrivals to modern Lebanon from Turkey and Syria (Syrian Turks) live in Beirut.[8]

Politics

The Turkish community is becoming more politically active by seeking better representation locally and support from the Turkish embassy in Beirut.[1]

Organisations

Established in 1997, the "Future Youth Association", located in Beirut's Witwat neighborhood, is the most active Turkish association in Lebanon. Because of confusion over its name with the Future Movement, its office sustained damage during the 7 May 2008 armed clashes in Beirut between pro-Hariri and pro-Hezbollah forces.[1] The Future Youth Association organises Turkish language classes in Beirut using teachers sent from Turkey’s Ministry of Education. The turnout for these classes have so far exceeded expectations, with many Lebanese of Turkish origin attending classes.[1]

Notable people

  • Fawzi al-Qawuqji, military figure[9]
  • Mostapha al-Turk
  • Dina Al-Sabah, Bodybuilder[10]
  • Nabil A. Bayakly[11]
  • Esma Chamly-Halwani, Professor[12]
  • Hussen Ibraheem, director[13]
  • Amin Maalouf, writer[14]
  • Huda Naamani, Feminist writer and artist[15]
  • Ahmad Nami, second President of Syria (1926-28)[16]
  • Bilal Aziz Özer, football player[17]
  • Mouazzez Rawdah, artist[18]
  • Ahmad Shukeiri, first Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization[19]
  • Rose al Yusuf, actress and journalist[20]

See also

  • Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
    • Turks in the Arab world
  • History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule
  • Lebanon–Turkey relations

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|author=Al-Akhbar|title=Lebanese Turks Seek Political and Social Recognition| url= http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/lebanese-turks-seek-political-and-social-recognition|accessdate=2012-03-02}}
2. ^{{cite web|author=Today's Zaman|title=Tension adds to existing wounds in Lebanon|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=9D641F96F47DDD54F28B8F8B07FFF815?newsId=233911|accessdate=2012-03-02|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111231644/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action%3Bjsessionid%3D9D641F96F47DDD54F28B8F8B07FFF815?newsId=233911|archivedate=2012-01-11|df=}}
3. ^{{cite web|author=Zaman|title=Siyasî gerilim, Lübnan'ın yaralarını derinleştiriyor|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=1083828&title=siyas%EE-gerilim-lubnanin-yaralarini-derinlestiriyor|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130418181117/http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=1083828&title=siyas%EE-gerilim-lubnanin-yaralarini-derinlestiriyor|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-04-18|accessdate=2012-03-02}}
4. ^{{Harvnb|Orhan|2010|loc=7}}.
5. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Orhan|2010|loc=13}}.
6. ^1 {{cite web|author=Today's Zaman|title=Turkish migrants grieve for Beirut from exile| url = http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=142491|accessdate=2012-03-02}}
7. ^1 2 {{citation|last=Ahmed|first=Yusra|year=2015|title=Syrian Turkmen refugees face double suffering in Lebanon|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/11837.html|publisher=Zaman Al Wasl|accessdate= 11 October 2016}}
8. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Orhan|2010|loc=8}}.
9. ^{{cite book|last=Parsons|first=Laila|year=2017|title=The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence 1914–1948|publisher=Saqi Press|pages=31|isbn=0863561764}}
10. ^{{cite web|author=Body Building|title=Sacrificing To Compete: An Interview With Dina Al-Sabah! |url=http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/rob6.htm|accessdate=2012-03-02}}
11. ^{{cite web|author=Harding University|title=Bilal Aziz Özer|url=http://www.harding.edu/honors/sears2.html|accessdate=2012-04-05}}
12. ^{{cite web|author=Today's Zaman|title=In memory of Osman Selim and his service at Çanakkale| url = http://www.sundayszaman.com/sunday/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=276408|accessdate=2012-04-05}}
13. ^{{cite web|last=Fahim|first=Joseph|year=2016|title=Beirut’s Horror, Sci-Fi Film Fest a Hit Success| url =http://www.mei.edu/content/article/beirut-s-horror-sci-fi-film-fest-hit-success|quote=Lebanese-Turkish director Hussen Ibraheem alludes...|publisher=Middle East Institute|accessdate=30 November 2017}}
14. ^{{citation|last=Esposito|first=Claudia|year=2013|title=The Narrative Mediterranean: Beyond France and the Maghreb|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=0739168223|page=36|quote=born into a culturally composite family - his mother was Egyptian of Turkish origin, his father a Greek Catholic in 1949 in Lebanon... }}
15. ^{{citation |last=Cooke|first=Miriam|year=2007|title=Dissident Syria: making oppositional arts official|place=|publisher=Duke University Press|page=40|isbn=0822340356|quote=One day, she [Houda Naamani] invited me along with a group of women from the "old bourgeoisie." Over tea and fruit they talked about the good old days, their Turkish grandparents, and the lost world of courtly etiquette…}}
16. ^{{cite book|last=Mardam Bey|first=Salma|year=1997|title=Syria's Quest for Independence|publisher=Ithaca Press|pages=31|isbn=0863721753|quote=Al-Damand was a man of Turkish origin, who could hardly speak Arabic... }}
17. ^{{cite web|author=Turkish Football Federation|title=L.C. Sears Collegiate Seminar Series|url=http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=1168544|accessdate=2012-04-05}}
18. ^{{Harvnb|Khal|1988|loc=175}}.
19. ^{{Harvnb|Rogan|2009|loc=344}}.
20. ^{{citation|last=Al-Materi|first=Mohammed|year=2016|title=من قصص العشاق:«روز اليوسف» ... الصحافة... والرجال (1-3):تزوجت ثلاث مرات وأنجبت «إحسان عبد القدوس « الكاتب المصري المعروف|url=http://www.alchourouk.com/155608/674/1/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%82:%C2%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%C2%BB-...-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9...-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-(1-3):%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA--%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%AA-%C2%AB%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3-%C2%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-.html|publisher=Al Chourouk|accessdate=6 September 2017|quote=وروز اليوسف (1897 - 1958)، ممثلة لبنانية من أصل تركي، ولدت في بيروت يتيمة الأم في أسرة مسلمة.}}

Bibliography

{{refbegin|2}}
  • {{citation |last=Khal|first=Helen|year=1988|title=The Woman Artist in Lebanon|place=|publisher=University of Michigan|isbn=|asin=B002UUYIRE}}.
  • {{citation|last=Orhan|first=Oytun|year=2010|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/2010110_sayi11_eng_web.pdf|title=The Forgotten Turks: Turkmens of Lebanon|place=|publisher=ORSAM|isbn=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181832/http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/2010110_sayi11_eng_web.pdf|archivedate=2016-03-03|df=}}.
  • {{citation |last=Rogan|first=Eugene L.|year=2009|title=The Arabs: A History|place=|publisher=Pennsylvania State University|isbn=978-0-14-102469-1}}.
{{refend}}{{Turkish people by country}}{{Demographics of Lebanon}}

4 : Turkish diaspora by country|Ethnic groups in Lebanon|Middle Eastern diaspora in Lebanon|Lebanese people of Turkish descent
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