1. Name

2. Language

3. Country

4. Mythology

5. History

6. Hunting and gathering economy
    Vegetables and fruit  Meats 

7. Alternative names

8. Notes
    Citations 

9. Sources

The Turrbal are an Australian Aboriginal nation located around the region of present-day Brisbane, Queensland. The name primarily referred to the dialect they spoke, the tribe itself being alternatively called Mianjin/Meanjin. The Turrbal are regarded as interchangeable with the Jagera.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=169}}

Name

The ethnonym Turrbal is an exonym is thought to derive from the root turr/dhur (bora ring) and -bal, signifying "those who say turr or dhur for a bora ring", rather than using the other tribe's customary term bool. It was the toponym used in 1841 by native guides from Nundah who led the group of German Lutheran missionaries to the NingyNingy at what became Toorbul Point, in the area where they established the Zion Hill Mission.{{sfn|Steele|2015|p=165}}

Language

Turrbal is one of 4 dialects of the Durubalic branch of the Pama-Nyungan languages.{{sfn|Dixon|2002|p=xxxiv}} Turrbal was spoken from Gold Creek and Moggill, north as far as North Pine, and south to the Logan River.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|pp=4–5}} Tom Petrie, son of one of the founding families of the Brisbane area settlements, grew up among the Turrbal, and mastered the language and the contiguous dialects from an early age.

Country

The Turrbal were Jagera people whose traditional lands and hunting grounds, extended over some {{convert|1,300|mi2|km2}} and lay around the Brisbane River, stretching from the Cleveland shore area of Moreton Bay, and running inland as far as the Great Dividing Range about Gatton; north to near Esk.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=169}}{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|pp=4–5}} The Turrbal horde itself was located specifically in what is now called the Brisbane CBD, the name for which was Mianjin.{{sfn|Connors|2015|p=21}} Neighboring Aboriginal nations include the Kabi and Wakka Wakka to the north, the Dalla to the northwest and the Ngugi of Moreton Island. Despite collective title to a stretch of land, the Turrbal like many tribes permitted private ownership of specific sections of land, down to recognizing personal possession of parts of a river or even of trees and shrubs. Petrie describes the situation in the following words:

Though the land belonged to the whole tribe, the head men often spoke of it as theirs. The tribe in general owned the animals and birds on the ground, also roots and nests, but certain men and women owned different fruit or flower-trees and shrubs. For instance, a man could own a bonyi (Araucaria bidwilli) tree, and a woman a minti (Banksia amula), dulandella (Persoonia Sp.), midyim (Myrtus tenuifolia), or dakkabin (Xanthorrhoea aborea) tree. Then a man sometimes owned a portion of the river which was a good fishing spot, and no one else could fish there without his permission.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=117}}

Mythology

In Turrbal thought, the origins of the division of the sexes was attributed to two distinct birds. Menfolk all came from the billing (a small house bat). Women in turn had their descent from a wamankan (night-hawk). Given their mythic function, they could not be eaten, but capturing and killing them was permitted.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=62}}{{efn|Among the natives of Burnett, Mary and Dawson rivers, the common bat, deering, was the friend of all the men, while a small owl or night hawk, boorookapkap, was the friend of the women. T. Petrie reports that the blacks of Brisbane river believe that the bat, there called billing, made all their menfolk, and that the wamankan, or night hawk, made the women. In 1834, Rev L. E. Threlkeld reported that the tribe at Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, had a belief that a certain small bird was the first maker of women, and that the bat was venerated on the same grounds by the men. J. Dawson in 1881, describing the customs and beliefs of the Aborigines of western Victoria, states that the common bat belongs to the men, and the fern owl to the women.'{{sfn|Mathews|1910|p=47}}}}

History

The explorer John Oxley, on first sighting the Turrbal in 1824, called them 'about the

strongest and best-made muscular men I have seen in any country'.{{sfn|Evans|1992|p=12}}

The Turrbal's tracks form the basis of many modern-day roads. Waterworks Road from Ashgrove is built on a Turrbal track that leads to Mount Coot-tha. Turrbal people would go to Mount Coot-tha to collect honey (ku-ta) from the bees there; it is the place of the honey-bee dreaming.{{sfn|Turrbal Association|1998}} Similarly, Old Northern Road from Everton Hills is built on a Turrbal track that led to the site of a triennial Bunya feast in neighboring Wakka Wakka country.

Many suburbs and places in Brisbane have names derived from Turrbal words. Woolloongabba is derived from either woolloon-capemm meaning "whirling water",{{sfn|QPN44358}} or from woolloon-gabba meaning "fight talk place".{{sfn|ourbrisbane.com}} Toowong is derived from tuwong, the onomatopoeic name for the Pacific koel.{{sfn|QPN47847}} Bulimba means "place of the magpie-lark".{{sfn|QPN42567}} Indooroopilly is derived from either nyindurupilli meaning "gully of leeches", or from yindurupilly meaning "gully of running water".{{sfn|QPN16663}} Enoggera is a corruption of the words yauar-ngari meaning "song and dance".{{sfn|QPN41374}}{{sfn|Watson|1944}}

Hunting and gathering economy

The Turrbal exploited a large range of local species of animals and insects as part of their daily cuisine. These may be divided into sea- and riverine food, mainland victuals, and vegetables.

Vegetables and fruit

• The Turrbal gathered the pencil yam (tarm) from scrub borders, where it was often found almost a metre underground.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=93}}
• Shoots from the crowns of both (the cabbage-tree palm (binkar)) and the king palm (pikki) served as vegetables.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=93}}
• Blechnum serrulatum, a swamp fern called bangwal was a delicacy found in abundance, and generally consumed as a bread-like sidedish with fish or meat. a freshwater rush called (yimbun) was also harvested and once prepared, tasted like arrowroot.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=92}}
• The Moreton Bay chesnut (mai), a root called bundal in Turrbal but more widely known as cunjevoi, Canavalia Obtusifolia beans, (yugam) and zamia nuts, though poisonous, were rendered edible by long soaking after the nuts were cracked. They were then roasted. Mai was pounded into a cake, (as were yugam beans, and bundal) and the word was later used to denote European bread.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|pp=92–93}} The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that "The seeds are eaten ... after cooking, as they are poisonous in the raw state. Some shipwrecked sailors in Northwest Australia were poisoned by them."{{sfn|Maiden|1889}}
• geebung (dulandella) was relished and eaten raw, as were two varieties of wild fig, called respectively ngoa-nga and nyuta. white myrtle berries (midyim), located on sandy islands, like the dubbul berry, were much sought after as a sweet. dogwood gum (denna) was also highly prized.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|pp=93–94}}
• The breadfruit (winnam) was chewed and sucked.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=94}}

Meats

• A variety of snakes were eaten: the carpet snake (kabul);{{efn|the word lies behind the Queensland toponym, Caboolture, "place of many carpet snakes"{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=80}}}} the black snake (tumgu); brown snake (kuralbang) and death-adder (mulunkun).{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=81}}
• Aside from lizards, two varieties of goanna were hunted, the larger one being called giwar, while the smaller variety was named barra.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=81}} The echidna (kagarr), tortoises (binkin), turtle (bowaiya){{efn|Tortoises were associated with an area of Brisbane, now called New Farm and formerly called binkinba (place of the land tortoise){{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=82}}}} also formed part of their diet.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|pp=82–83}}
• Two varieties of kangaroo and possum were hunted, the groman or old man kangaroo and the murri,{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=85}} and the forest possum (kupi) and scrub possum (kappolla).{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=86}} Koalas (dumbripi) were also highly prized.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|p=88}}
• The large black flying squirrel (panko), the small grey squirrel (chibur), the native cat (mibur) were eaten, as was the flying fox (gramman) while the dingo (mirri) was not part of their diet, the pups being taken in order to be domesticated.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|pp=88–89}} {{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
• Among the hunted avian species were the scrub turkey (wargun), the emu (ngurrun), the black swan (marutchi), native ducks (ngau'u), quail duwir, parrots (pillin) and cockatoos (kaiyar), the latter highly valued for the yellow topknots (billa billa) employed by men as a ceremonial adornment.{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|pp=90–92}}

They often sought out goanna (magil) eggs, which could be found near ant nests in soft soil. The Turrbal would occasionally hunt marine animals, such as dugongs (yangon), porpoises (talobilla), tailor fish (punba), and mullet (andakal).{{sfn|Petrie|Petrie|1904|pp=65–90}}

Alternative names

• Jagarabal
• Jergarbal
• Yagara, Yaggara, Yuggara
• Yugg-ari
• Yackarabul
• Turubul, Turrbal, Turrubul, Turrubal, Terabul, Torbul, Turibul
• Yerongban, Yeronghan
• Ninghi
• Yerongpan
• Biriin{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=169}}

Notes

Citations

Sources

• {{Cite book| title = Warrior: A legendary leader's dramatic life and violent death on the colonial frontier

• {{Cite book| title = Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development

• {{Cite book| chapter = The mogwi take mi-an-jin: Race relations and the Moreton Bay penal settlement 1824-42

• {{cite web| title = History of Woolloongabba

• {{cite book| title = The useful native plants of Australia: Including Tasmania

• {{cite journal | title = Die Bundandaba-Zeremonie in Queensland' (The Bundandaba Ceremony of Initiation in Queensland)

• {{cite book| title = Tom Petrie's reminiscences of early Queensland

• {{cite QPN|42567|Place name details: Bulimba|accessdate=13 September 2015}}
• {{cite QPN|41374|Place name details: Enoggera|accessdate=13 September 2015}}
• {{cite QPN|16663|Place name details: Indooroopilly|accessdate=13 September 2015}}
• {{cite QPN|47847|Place name details: Toowong|accessdate=13 September 2015}}
• {{cite QPN|44358|Place name details: Woolloongabba|accessdate=13 September 2015}}
• {{Cite book| title = Aboriginal Pathways: in Southeast Queensland and the Richmond River

• {{Cite book| title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia, Jagara (QLD)

• {{cite book| title = An Indigenous History of Waterworks Road, Brisbane

• {{cite book| title = Vocabularies of Four Representative Tribes of South Eastern Queensland

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