| 词条 | Mudanjiang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = {{raise|0.2em|Mudanjiang}} |settlement_type = Prefecture-level city |other_name = |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh|牡丹江市}}}}}} |image_skyline = Night of mudanjiang, china.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_map = Location of Mudanjiang Prefecture within Heilongjiang (China).png |mapsize = |map_caption = Location of Mudanjiang City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light grey) and China |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = Heilongjiang |pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city centre in Heilongjiang |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_mapsize = 240 |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = People's Republic of China |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Heilongjiang |subdivision_type2 =County-level divisions |subdivision_name2 =10 |seat_type = |seat = |government_type = Prefecture-level city |leader_title = CPC Mudanjiang Secretary |leader_name = Zhang Jingchuan ({{lang|zh-hans|张晶川}}) |leader_title1 = Mayor |leader_name1 = Lin Kuanhai ({{lang|zh-hans|林宽海}}) |established_title = |established_date = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 40233 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 =2495 |area_metro_km2 =2495 |population_as_of = 2010 census |population_footnotes = |population_note = [1] |population_total = 2798723 |population_density_km2 =auto |population_metro =965154 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban =965154 |population_density_urban_km2 =auto |timezone = China Standard |utc_offset = +8 |coordinates = {{coord|44|33|N|129|38|E|region:CN-23|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m =233 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 157000 |area_code = 453 |website = {{url|http://www.mudanjiang.gov.cn/}} |footnotes = |blank_name = Licence plates |blank_info = {{lang|zh-cn|黑C}} |iso_code = CN-HL-10 }}{{Infobox Chinese |pic=MDJ.svg |piccap="Mudanjiang", as written in Chinese |picsize=185px |c=牡丹江 |p=Mǔdānjiāng |rus=Муданьцзян |mnc=ᠮᡠᡩ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ |mnc_rom=Mudan'bria hoton |order=st }}Mudanjiang ({{zh|c=牡丹江}}; Manchu: Mudan bira) is a prefecture-level city in the southeast part of Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. It was called Botankou under Japanese occupation. It serves as a regional transport hub with a railway junction and an international airport connecting with several major Chinese cities as well as Seoul of South Korea. Mudanjiang is located {{convert|248|km|abbr=on}} from Vladivostok, Russia. In 2011 Mudanjiang had a GDP of RMB 93.48 billion with a 15.1% growth rate. In 2015 Mudanjiang had a GDP of RMB 118.63 billion.[2] Its population is 2,798,723 at the 2010 census whom 965,154 live in the built-up area made of 4 urban districts.[3] In 2007, the city is named China's top ten livable cities by Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.[4] Administrative divisions
HistoryMudanjiang was originally populated by the Sushen 2,300 years ago. They lived in the valley of the Mudan River, and established the Mo State (貊国).[5] During the Tang dynasty, Balhae established their capital Shangjing Longquanfu near Lake Jingpo south of Mudanjiang around 755 AD. On January 14, 926, Shangjing fell while Balhae was defeated by the Khitans.[6][7] Mudanjiang is named after the Mudan River (literally, "Peony River") flowing through it. Imperial Russia built a train station for the Chinese Eastern Railway in Mudanjiang in 1903, after which local development started boosting. Both Chinese and Russian settlers established themselves here. Mudanjiang was little more than a large village until the 1920s. By that time, Mudanjiang was strongly overshadowed by the nearby county town of Ningan (Former Ninguta).[8] However, merchants from several countries including France, Russia, Britain and Denmark set up sub-agencies in Mudanjiang during this period, which led the trade area of the city to a rapid expansion. After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, the whole Manchuria was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident. Mudanjiang experienced a substantial growth in the 1930s under the Japanese occupation. Mudanjiang also became a military and administrative center going by the name Botankou, particularly after the railway from Tumen to Jiamusi was constructed in 1933. By that time several light industries including light engineering, lumbering, and food processing was established in the town. On December 1, 1937, Botankou City was established by the Manchukuo government, administering five counties. On October 15, 1938, Japanese Government set up a consulate in Botankou and promoted Botankou as a municipality directly under the Manchukuo Government. As Manchukuo collapsed, Mudanjiang was captured by the Soviet Army on August 16, 1945.[9] Mudanjiang was controlled by the Communist force and became the capital of Songjiang Province in 1948. However, after Songjiang Province was merged into Heilongjiang Province on June 19, 1954, Mudanjiang was reduced to a prefecture-level city. Geography{{climate chart| Mudanjiang | -22.6 | -10.5 | 4.7 | -18.4 | - 5.4 | 5.5 | - 9.0 | 3.2 | 10.5 | .4 | 13.7 | 25.6 | 7.3 | 20.9 | 53.8 | 13.6 | 25.1 | 90.6 | 17.6 | 27.9 | 121.4 | 16.5 | 26.6 | 108.9 | 8.7 | 21.0 | 59.7 | 0 | 12.6 | 35.2 | - 9.7 | 1.1 | 13.2 | -18.8 | - 8.0 | 7.9 | float = right | clear = both | source = CMA [11] }} Mudanjiang, spanning from 128° 02' to 131° 18' E longitude and 43° 24' to 45° 59' N latitude, is located in southeastern Heilongjiang province. It is also the province's southernmost prefecture. Neighbouring prefectures are:
It also borders Russia's Primorsky Krai to the east. The average elevation in the prefecture is {{convert|230|m|0}}, with the terrain primarily consisting of mountains and hills. The east of the prefecture begins to ascend to the Changbai Mountains, while the central parts belong to the Hegu Basin. The lowest part of the prefecture is Suifenhe City, bordering Russia, at a minimum elevation of {{convert|86.5|m|1}}, while the highest point is Zhangguangcai, at {{convert|1686.9|m}}. ClimateMudanjiang features a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) with hot, humid summers and very cold and dry winters; spring and autumn are brief. However, winter temperatures here are far warmer than much of the rest of the province, and the city's basin location helps protect it from biting winds. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−17.3|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|22.3|°C|1}} in July; the annual mean is {{convert|4.28|°C|1}}. Close to three-fifths of the annual rainfall occurs from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 46% in July to 62% in February and March, the city receives 2,368 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|−35.1|°C|0}} to {{convert|38.4|°C|0}}. {{Weather box|location = Mudanjiang (1971−2000) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |collapsed = Y |Jan high C = −10.5 |Feb high C = −5.4 |Mar high C = 3.2 |Apr high C = 13.7 |May high C = 20.9 |Jun high C = 25.1 |Jul high C = 27.9 |Aug high C = 26.6 |Sep high C = 21.0 |Oct high C = 12.6 |Nov high C = 1.1 |Dec high C = −8.0 |Jan low C = −22.6 |Feb low C = −18.4 |Mar low C = −9.0 |Apr low C = 0.4 |May low C = 7.3 |Jun low C = 13.6 |Jul low C = 17.6 |Aug low C = 16.5 |Sep low C = 8.7 |Oct low C = 0.0 |Nov low C = −9.7 |Dec low C = −18.8 |year high C= 10.7 |year low C= −1.2 |year high F = 51.2 |year low F = 29.8 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 4.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 5.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 10.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 25.6 |May precipitation mm = 53.8 |Jun precipitation mm = 90.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 121.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 108.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 59.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 35.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 13.2 |Dec precipitation mm = 7.9 |year precipitation mm =537.0 |Jan humidity = 69 |Feb humidity = 64 |Mar humidity = 55 |Apr humidity = 53 |May humidity = 56 |Jun humidity = 69 |Jul humidity = 75 |Aug humidity = 77 |Sep humidity = 73 |Oct humidity = 65 |Nov humidity = 65 |Dec humidity = 70 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 5.0 |Feb precipitation days = 5.5 |Mar precipitation days = 6.5 |Apr precipitation days = 8.5 |May precipitation days = 12.9 |Jun precipitation days = 15.9 |Jul precipitation days = 14.8 |Aug precipitation days = 13.9 |Sep precipitation days = 11.0 |Oct precipitation days = 8.5 |Nov precipitation days = 6.8 |Dec precipitation days = 5.8 |Jan sun = 162.4 |Jan percentsun = 57 |Feb sun = 180.2 |Feb percentsun = 62 |Mar sun = 228.4 |Mar percentsun = 62 |Apr sun = 218.2 |Apr percentsun = 54 |May sun = 237.3 |May percentsun = 52 |Jun sun = 221.1 |Jun percentsun = 48 |Jul sun = 215.8 |Jul percentsun = 46 |Aug sun = 208.3 |Aug percentsun = 48 |Sep sun = 206.6 |Sep percentsun = 55 |Oct sun = 195.6 |Oct percentsun = 58 |Nov sun = 156.8 |Nov percentsun = 55 |Dec sun = 136.8 |Dec percentsun = 50 |year percentsun= 53 |source 1 = China Meteorological Administration [10] |date=July 2011}} EconomyIn 2010, the city's GDP rose 18.5% to RMB 78.1 billion, ranked fourth in Heilongjiang Province after Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar.[11] Tourist industry and light manufacturing are the mainstays of Mudanjiang's economy. Mudanjiang's pillar industries include accessory industry for automobiles, paper making, forest industry, petrochemicals, new materials, pharmacy and energy industry.[12] The foreign trade value increased 71.8% to US$9 billion in 2010, making up three-fourth of Heilongjiang Province's gross. Development Zones
TransportRailway
Mudanjiang is a railway hub in eastern Heilongjiang Province. Binsui(Harbin-Suifenhe) Railway and Tujia(Tumen-Jiamusi) Railway meet here. Trains from Mudanjiang Railway Station connect the city with Beijing, Jinan, Dalian, Harbin, Changchun and several other cities in China. Air{{Main|Mudanjiang Hailang Airport}}Mudanjiang Hailang Airport is the second largest international airport in Heilongjiang Province. It operates daily flights to Beijing, Dalian and several other major cities in China. In addition there are also scheduled international flights between Mudanjiang and Seoul and Incheon in South Korea. HighwayMudanjiang is linked to the national highway network through the G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway and G10 Suifenhe-Manzhouli Expressway. EducationMudanjiang normal university is a provincial higher education institution in Heilongjiang Province. The predecessor of the college is the Nenjiang Branch of Northeast Agricultural College. It was founded in September 1958 and was closed in 1964. The Bei'an Teachers' College was established on the basis of the closed Nenjiang branch. The State Council approved in January 1965. In 1964, Bei'an Normal College moved to the original Ning'an County Breeding Farm, renamed Ning'an Teachers' College of Heilongjiang Province. It was approved by the Heilongjiang Provincial Revolutionary Committee in December 1970 and expanded into Mudanjiang Teachers College. The school has now developed into a master's degree. Full-time undergraduate students, international students, adult education, and other comprehensive teachers' colleges with more than 22,000 students. The school covers an area of 1.05 million square meters, and the school building area is nearly 390,000 square meters. It is a provincial-level garden-style unit. The school recruits students nationwide and now has 15 secondary colleges. In 2015, Mudanjiang Teachers College will be renamed Normal University. On February 26, 2018, Soft Science 2018 "China's Best University Ranking" was released, and Mudanjiang Teachers College ranked 551.[12] Mudanjiang University was founded in 1983 and is the first batch of 100 local universities in the country. The school consists of three parts: the school headquarters, the Hailin campus and the industrial park training base. It covers an area of 500,000 square meters and a building area of 186,000 square meters. The total value of fixed assets is 450 million yuan, the total value of teaching equipment is 90 million yuan, and the library has 644,800 books. At present, there are more than 10,000 students in the school, 10 secondary schools and 43 majors. Among them, there are 2 key construction majors supported by the central government and 6 key construction majors supported by the provincial finance. The school is well equipped and the school conditions are good. There are 104 on-campus laboratories and training bases, and 125 off-campus training bases. The major in mechatronics, animation design and production, and computer information security storage was identified by the Ministry of Education as a national backbone teacher training base.[13] Mudanjiang No. 1 High School, referred to as Mudanjiang Yizhong, is located in Mudanjiang City, southeast of Heilongjiang Province, and is the first demonstration high school in Heilongjiang Province. Founded in September 1945, it was originally named Mudanjiang Municipal High School; in 2001, it was renamed Mudanjiang No. 1 High School; in September 2007, the school moved to the new campus as a whole. The new campus covers an area of 218,000 square meters and the construction area is 9.3. 10,000 square meters, green area of 73,000 square meters, sports area of 70,000 square meters. In 2009, it was awarded the National 100 High School Construction Project Experimental School; in 2011, it was identified as a pilot school for provincial science projects. As of February 2015, there were 359 faculty members, 123 teachers with master's degree, 8 special teachers, 144 senior teachers, 107 national, provincial and municipal academic leaders and backbone teachers, and more than 5,200 students.[14] International relationsMudanjiang is twinned with:
References1. ^ 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.phbang.cn/finance/data/152416.html |script-title=zh:2015年黑龙江各市GDP和人均GDP排名_中国排行网 |website=phbang.cn}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.sass.org.cn/dzx/articleshow.jsp?dinji=634&artid=76056|script-title=zh:2010年黑龙江省第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报（Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China）|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001042/http://www.sass.org.cn/dzx/articleshow.jsp?dinji=634&artid=76056|archivedate=2012-04-26|df=}} 4. ^{{cite web|last2=|first2=|last1=|first1=|title=China’s Top 10 Most Livable Cities|url=http://eng.hnloudi.gov.cn/engld%5Caboutloudi/Loudicity/Loudihonor/2011/1_327/default.shtml|website=hnloudi.gov.cn|publisher=Hunan Loudi Official Government|date=2012-03-28|accessdate=2014-08-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130410050946/http://eng.hnloudi.gov.cn/engld%5Caboutloudi/Loudicity/Loudihonor/2011/1_327/default.shtml|archivedate=2013-04-10|df=}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Several Problems about the History of Ancient Northeast|url=http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/download.aspx?filename=2TlxGcEZkMyYnbwQmU4lUdLtGZhBnMuZXN40EWT1Ga1d1ZRFkM0U1R0ZHUlFneax2c2k1QIZ3T2hnS=0TRC5kRLhUSvZVY1FWMuZ2LlVGc2FUaC5kamRGcJhmQr1GdXVndQFnR000M1N0S0Q0Ntl3MmpGZEp&tablename=cjfd2006&dflag=pdfdown|publisher=DU Xing-zhi(School of History,Culture and Tourism,Liaoning Normal University,Dalian,Liaoning,116029,China) |year=2006|accessdate=2012-08-18}} 6. ^{{ko icon}} "Sanggyeong Yongcheonbu", Naver encyclopedia 7. ^{{ko icon}} "Dongjingcheng site", Naver encyclopedia 8. ^{{Cite book|script-title=zh:雪城牡丹江 |author=牡丹江旅游局 [Mudanjiang Bureau of Tourism] |year=1990 |publisher=中国旅游出版社 [China Tourism Press] |isbn=978-7-5032-2302-0}} 9. ^LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723082515/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |date=2011-07-23 }}. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas. 10. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title = zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） |publisher = China Meteorological Administration |language = Chinese |accessdate = 2010-11-20 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archivedate = 2013-09-21 |df = }} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hlj.gov.cn/zxxx/system/2011/03/11/010154360.shtml |script-title=zh:2010年牡丹江市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=Heilongjiang Province People's Government |date=2011-03-11}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025103607/http://www.hlj.gov.cn/zxxx/system/2011/03/11/010154360.shtml |date=2011-10-25 }} 12. ^Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks
Further reading
External links{{commons category|Mudanjiang}}
2 : Cities in Heilongjiang|Mudanjiang |
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