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词条 Mujaddid
释义

  1. List of claimants and potential mujaddids

     First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)  Second Century (August 10, 815)  Third Century (August 17, 912)  Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)  Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)  Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)  Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)  Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)  Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)  Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)  Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)  Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)  Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)  Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979) 

  2. Notes

  3. References

  4. Further reading

  5. External links

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A mujaddid ({{lang-ar|مجدد}}), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" ({{lang|ar|تجديد}} tajdid) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity.[3]

The concept is based not on the Quran but on a hadith (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad),{{Original research inline|date=September 2018}} recorded by Abu Dawood, Abu Hurairah narrated that Muhammad said:

{{quote|Allah will raise for this community at the end of every hundred years the one who will renovate its religion for it.|sign=|source=Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim [Battles], Hadith Number 4278[4]}}Mujaddids tend to come from the most prominent Islamic scholars of the time, although they are sometimes pious rulers.[2]

List of claimants and potential mujaddids

While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya[5]{{Page needed|date=September 2018}}[6] have their own list of mujaddids.[2]

First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)

  • Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720)[7][8]

Second Century (August 10, 815)

  • Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i (767–820)[9][8][10][11]

Third Century (August 17, 912)

  • Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864–941)[10][11]
  • Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936)[9][12]

Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)

  • Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani (950–1013)[8][13]
  • Hakim al-Nishaburi (933–1012)[10]
  • Ibn Hazm (994–1064)[11]

Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)

  • Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058–1111)[9][8][11][14][15][16][17]

Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)

  • Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1210)[18]

Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)

  • Moinuddin Chishti (1165–1240)[11]
  • Ibn Arabi (1165–1240)[11]
  • Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328)[11]

Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)

  • Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1448)[19]

Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)

  • Jalaludin Al-Suyuti (1445–1505)[7][20]

Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)

  • Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671)[7]

Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)

  • Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)[12][21]
  • Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)[22]
  • Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762)[23]

Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)

  • Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī (1732–1790)[20]
  • Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823)[24]
  • Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817)[25]

Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)

  • Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[11]
  • Said Nursî (1878–1960)[26]

Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)

  • Abul A'la Maududi (1903-1979)[27]
  • Ahmad Raza Khan (1856–1921)[28]
  • Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908)[29]{{refn|Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the Ahmadiyya sect of Islam. The Sunni mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the sect as it believes in prophethood after Muhammad;[30][31][32] see also Persecution of Ahmadis on this topic.|group=nb}}

Notes

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Faruqi|first1=Burhan Ahmad|title=The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7UeAgAAQBAJ|accessdate=31 December 2014}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite book|editor1-last=Meri|editor1-first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Psychology Press|page=678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1590|title=Mujaddid - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-03}}
4. ^{{Hadith-usc|abudawud|usc=yes|37|4278}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-RfYBgAAQBAJ|title=Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}
6. ^Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1. {{ISBN|9781610692496}}.
7. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e96.html|title=Mujaddid Ulema|publisher=Living Islam|accessdate= }}
8. ^1 2 3 Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. {{ISBN|0415966906}}.
9. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Waines|first1=David|title=An Introduction to Islam|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521539064|page=210}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Waliullah|first=Shah|coathors= |title=Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa|year= |publisher= |page=77, part 7|isbn= }}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book |last=Nieuwenhuijze|first=C.A.O.van|coathors= |title=Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=his4f16lUDcC&pg=PA24|year=1997|publisher= |page=24|isbn=90 04 10672 3}}
12. ^1 Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. {{ISBN|0415966906}}
13. ^{{cite book |last= |first= |coathors= |title=Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1|year= |publisher= |page=403|isbn= }}
14. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |url=http://www.thepenmagazine.net/imam-ghazali-the-sun-of-the-fifth-century-hujjat-al-islam/|title=Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam|work= |location= |publisher=The Pen|date=February 1, 2011|accessdate= }}
15. ^Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. {{ISBN|0231519990}}
16. ^Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
17. ^Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H044.htm|title=al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209)|publisher=Muslim Philosophy|accessdate= }}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Biographies/ibn_hajar.htm|title=Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani|publisher=Hanafi.co.uk|accessdate=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902170858/http://www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Biographies/ibn_hajar.htm|archivedate=2004-09-02|df=}}
20. ^1 {{cite book |last=Azra|first=Azyumardi|coathors= |title=The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series|year=2004|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page=18|isbn=9780824828486}}
21. ^{{cite book |last=Glasse|first=Cyril|coathors= |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|year=1997|publisher=AltaMira Press|page=432|isbn=90 04 10672 3}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iqra.net/articles/al-haddad.html|title=A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad|publisher=Iqra Islamic Publications|accessdate=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527065014/http://www.iqra.net/articles/al-haddad.html|archivedate=2011-05-27|df=}}
23. ^{{cite journal |last1=Kunju|first1=Saifudheen|url=https://www.academia.edu/592790/SHAH_WALIULLAH_AL-DEHLAWI_THOUGHTS_AND_CONTRIBUTIONS|title=Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions|date=2012|page=1|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.almukhtarbooks.com/?p=63|title=Gyarwee Sharif|publisher=al-mukhtar books|accessdate=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426051106/http://www.almukhtarbooks.com/?p=63|archivedate=2012-04-26|df=}}
25. ^{{cite book |last=O. Hunwick|first=John|coathors= |title=African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources|url=http://www.uga.edu/islam/hunwick.html|year=1995|publisher= |page=6|isbn= }}
26. ^{{cite book |last=Rippin|first=Andrew|coathors= |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|year= |publisher= |page=282|isbn= }}
27. ^{{cite book |url= https://books.google.ca/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC|title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism| publisher=Oxford University Press}}
28. ^{{cite book |last1=Gugler |first1=Thomas K |editor1-last=Ridgeon |editor1-first=Lloyd |title=Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury |pages=171-189 |url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=eShfBwAAQBAJ |accessdate=8 September 2018}}
29. ^Adil Hussain Khan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=C2DxBwAAQBAJ From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia], Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.
30. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e85|title=Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|last=|first=|date=|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-09-03|quote=Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a “nonlegislating” prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad 's “legislative” prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam ... Rejected by the majority of Muslims as heretical since it believes in ongoing prophethood after the death of Muhammad.}}
31. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0004.xml|title=The Ahmadiyyah Movement - Islamic Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e723|title=Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|last=|first=|date=|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-09-08|quote=Founder of Ahmadi movement in Punjab, India, in 1889... The movement is labeled non-Muslim and fiercely opposed by Muslims, although the group considers itself Muslim.}}

References

{{Reflist|2}}

Further reading

  • Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
  • Friedmann, Yohanan. "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity". Oxford India Paperbacks

External links

  • Islami Mehfil, Concept Of Revivalist (Mujaddid) In Islam
  • Shah Waliyu Llah about the Mujaddids {{fr}}
  • Al Hafiz Adh Dhahabi about the Mujaddids {{fr}}
  • Brief Introduction to the Concept of Mujaddidiyyat in Islam {{ur}}
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