| 词条 | Mullá 'Alíy-i-Bastámí |
| 释义 |
Mullá 'Alí-i-Bastámí (died 1846) was the second Letter of the Living in the Bábí movement. He is also probably the first and one of the best known martyrs of the early Bábí period.{{sfn|Momen|2009}}{{sfn|Winters|1997}} BiographyEarly lifeHe was born near the small city of Bastam in northwestern Persia during the reign of the Qajar dynasty.{{sfn|Amanat|1989|p=212}} He married in his youth and had at least one child.{{Sfn|Momen|1982|p=}} As a young man gained a reputation for his interest in religion and studied as a Mullah in the shrine city of Mashhad as a young man. In Mashhad he became familiar with local clerics who were associated with the millenarian Shaykhí denomination of Shia Islam and was attracted to Shaykhí doctrine.{{Sfn|Amanat|1989|p=176}} Eventually he moved to Karbala in the Ottoman Empire and studied under Siyyid Kazim Rashti then the leader of Shaykhism for at least seven years. Conversion to BábismShaykis expected the imminent arrival of the Qa'im or Mahdi, and after the death of Siyyid Kazim in January 1844,{{sfn|Momen|1982}} Bastámí led a group of Shaykhís who—along with a group led by Mullá Husayn sought out the expected Mahdi. {{sfn|Amanat|1989|p=176}} On May 22, 1844 Mullá Husayn became the first Shayki to accept a Shirazi merchant named Siyyid ʿAli Muhammad as the Mahdi predicted in Islamic eschatology; Bastámí reportedly converted rapidly after hearing some verses of the Qayyúmu'l-Asmá' written by Ali Muhammad.{{sfn|Amanat|1989|p=176}} ʿAli Muhammad would later take on the title of the Báb, meaning "gate" in Arabic and declare himself to be a Manifestation of God founding the new religion of Bábism. Bastámí accepted the Báb as the Mahdi on their first meeting and was appointed by him to the position of one of eighteen Letters of the Living and identified as the allegorical return of the Shia Imam 'Ali.{{sfn|Amanat|1989|p=176}} Most sources identify him as the second Letter of the Living, but a minority say he was the fourth. A tablet was addressed by the Báb to each of the Letters of the Living, including Bastámí; no translation of this tablet into English exists at present. Trial in BaghdadThe Báb gave Bastámí the very specific mission of leaving Persia and travelling to the holy Shi'a shrine cities of Najaf and Karbala in modern-day Iraq about the summer of 1844.[1] It was here he was to announce the Báb's mission to mujtahid Shaykh Muhammad Hasan,{{sfn|Momen|2009}} a senior member of the Shi'a clergy. He was put on trial for heresy on the basis of a copy of the Qayyúmu'l-Asmá' in his possession on 13 January 1845 by a combined jury of Shi'a and Sunni clerics.{{sfn|Momen|2009}} The trial spun into a political event pitting Ottoman/Sunni interests against Shi'a/Persian interests - the Sunni clergy wanted Bastamí to be immediately executed while the Shi'a clergy insisted only on banishment and Persian politicians requested his removal to Persia.{{sfn|Momen|2009}} Instead, in April, he was transferred to Istanbul where he was further sentenced to hard labour in Istanbul's docks.{{sfn|Momen|2009}} Persian politicians continued insisting but when the Ottoman's finally agreed, 4 December 1846, it was found he had died a few days later and was accounted to be the first Bábi martyr by Bábis and Bahá'ís.{{sfn|Momen|2009}} After his death a visitation prayer was revealed by the Báb in his honor.{{sfn|MacEoin|1994|p=27}} References
|last=Amanat |first=Abbas |authorlink= Abbas Amanat |year=1989 |title=Resurrection and Renewal |publisher=Cornell University Press, New York, USA |isbn=0-8014-2098-9 |ref=harv
|last= Momen |first= Moojan |authorlink= Moojan Momen |encyclopedia= Bahá’í Encyclopedia Project |title= 'Alí Bastámí, Mullá (d. 1846) |year= 2009 |publisher= National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States |location= Evanston, IL |url= http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?view=article&catid=37%3Abiography&id=68%3Aali-bastami-mulla&option=com_content&Itemid=74 |ref=harv
|last = MacEoin |first = Dennis |year = 1994 |title = Rituals in Babism and Baha'ism |publisher = British Academic Press |place = Cambridge, UK |isbn = 1850436541 |ref = harv
|last = Momen |first = Moojan (ed.) |year = 1981 |title = The Bábí and Bahá'í Religions, 1844-1944 - Some Contemporary Western Accounts |publisher = George Ronald |place = Oxford, UK |isbn = 0-85398-102-7 |ref = harv
| last = Momen | first = Moojan | author-link = Moojan Momen | title = The trial of Mullá `Alí Bastámí: a combined Sunní-Shí`á fatwa against the Báb | journal = Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies | volume = 20 | issue = | pages = 113–43 | location = | date = 1982 | url = http://www.momen.org/relstud/mullaali.htm | ref = harv}}
| first=Jonah | last=Winters | title =Dying for God; Martyrdom in the Shii and Babi Religions | pages = | publisher =Master of Arts for the Dept. of Religious Studies (University of Toronto), 1997 | date =1997 | chapter =Background to Babism: A brief epitome of Babi history from Shiism to Babism | chapter-url =http://bahai-library.com/winters_dying_for_god&chapter=3 | url =http://bahai-library.com/winters_dying_for_god | access-date = Feb 19, 2016 | ref=harv Notes and Citations1. ^Chronology of Principal Events Related in the Dawn-Breakers, Bahai-library.com {{Babism navbox}}{{Bahá'í-2}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Aliy-I-Bastami, Mulla}} 7 : Letters of the Living|Iranian people imprisoned abroad|Bábís|Iranian people who died in prison custody|Prisoners who died in Ottoman detention|1846 deaths|Year of birth missing |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。