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词条 Multnomah County, Oregon
释义

  1. History

     Since 2000 

  2. Geography

     Major highways  Adjacent counties  National protected area 

  3. Demographics

     2000 census  2010 census 

  4. Law and government

  5. Economy

     Tourism  Cultural influence 

  6. Communities

     Cities  Unincorporated communities  Former communities 

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}{{Infobox U.S. County
| county = Multnomah County
| state = Oregon
| type= County
| logo = Logo of Multnomah County, Oregon.png
| seal = Multnomah County seal.png
| founded date = December 22
| founded year = 1854
| seat wl = Portland
| largest city wl = Portland
| area_total_sq_mi = 466
| area_land_sq_mi = 431
| area_water_sq_mi = 34
| area percentage = 7.4%
| census estimate yr = 2017
| pop = 807,555
| density_sq_mi = 1874
| time zone = Pacific
| district = 1st
| district2 = 3rd
| district3 = 5th
| web = www.multco.us
| ex image = Multcocourthouse.jpg
| ex image size = 200
| ex image cap = Multnomah County Courthouse in Downtown Portland
}}Multnomah County {{IPAc-en|m|ʌ|l|t|ˈ|n|oʊ|m|ə}} is one of 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 United States Census, the county's population was 735,334.[1] Its county seat, Portland, is the state's largest city.[2] Multnomah County is part of the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and though smallest in area, it is the state's most populous county.[3]

History

{{expand section|history of the area before it became a county|date=December 2011}}

Multnomah County (the thirteenth in Oregon Territory) was created on December 22, 1854, formed out of two other Oregon counties – the eastern part of Washington County and the northern part of Clackamas County. Its creation was a result of a petition earlier that year by businessmen in Portland complaining of the inconvenient location of the Washington County seat in Hillsboro and of the share of Portland tax revenues leaving the city to support Washington County farmers. County commissioners met for the first time on January 17, 1855.[4] The county is named after the Chinookan word for the "lower river", Multnomah, Matlnomaq, máɬnumax̣ being interpretive English spellings of the same word. In Chinook Jargon, Ne-matlnomaq, means the "place of matlnomaq" or the (singular) Ne-matlnomag, "the lower river", from the Oregon City Falls toward the Columbia river. Alternatively, Chinookan máɬnumax̣ (also nímaɬnumax̣) ‘those toward water’ (or ‘toward the Columbia River’, known in Chinookan as ímaɬ or wímaɬ ‘the great water’). The explorer William Clark wrote in his Journal: "I entered this river...called Multnomah...from a nation who reside on Wappato Island, a little below the enterence" (quoted from Willamette Landings by H.M. Corning).(see:Portland Basin Chinookan Villages in the early 1800s, Boyd and Zenk,) Although Clark refers to the Willamette River as Multnomah, he may not have understood the meaning. Simply put, Multnomah("down river" or "toward the great water")is the shortened form of nematlnomaq/nímaɬnumax̣".

In 1924, the county's three commissioners were indicted and recalled by voters "in response to 'gross irregularities' in the award of contracts for construction of the Burnside and Ross Island bridges"; since all three had been supported by the Ku Klux Klan, their recall also helped reduce that organization's influence in the city.[5]

Vanport, built north of Portland in 1943 to house workers for Kaiser Shipyards, was destroyed by a flood five years later.

In 1968, the Oregon Legislative Assembly referred a bill, Ballot Measure 5, to voters that would amend the state constitution to allow for consolidated city-county governments when the population is over 300,000.[6] The 1968 voters' pamphlet noted that Multnomah County would be the only county in Oregon affected by the measure and voters approved the referendum in the 1968 general election.[6][7] Since the approval of Measure 5 in 1968, an initiative to merge the county with Portland has been considered and placed on the county ballot several times.[8][9][10] The merger would have formed a consolidated city-county government like that of San Francisco, California. None of these proposals has been approved.

Since 2000

In the 2000 presidential election, Multnomah played a decisive role in determining the winner of the state's electoral votes. Al Gore carried the county by more than 104,000 votes, enough to offset the nearly 100,000-vote advantage that George W. Bush had earned among Oregon's 35 other counties.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} The Democratic tilt was repeated in 2004, when John Kerry won by 181,000 votes, and in 2008 when Barack Obama won by 204,000 votes.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

In February 2001, the Multnomah County Board of Commissioners unanimously accepted the recommendation of the Library Advisory Board and authorized the library to enter into a lawsuit to stop the Children's Internet Protection Act.[11] The US Supreme Court ultimately decided in 2003 that the law was constitutional in US v. ALA. However, the library chose to turn down $104,000 per year of federal funding under CIPA to be able to continue to offer unfiltered Internet access.[12][13]

Faced with decreasing government revenues due to a recession in the local economy, voters approved a three-year local income tax (Measure 26-48) [14] on May 20, 2003 to prevent further cuts in schools, police protection, and social services.[15] Multnomah County was one of the few local governments in Oregon to approve such a tax increase.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

On March 2, 2004, Multnomah County Chair Diane Linn announced the county would begin granting licenses for same-sex marriages, pursuant to a legal opinion issued by its attorney deeming such marriages lawful under Oregon law. Her announcement was supported by three other commissioners (Serena Cruz, Lisa Naito, Maria Rojo de Steffey), but criticized by Lonnie Roberts, who represents the eastern part of Multnomah county and was left out of the decision.[16] Within a few days, several groups joined to file a lawsuit to halt the county's action.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

But after that, Linn and the three commissioners developed a public feud, with the latter becoming known as the "mean girls".[17] The county government has also faced significant budget issues, including not being able to open the Wapato Corrections Facility since it was built in 2003.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of {{convert|466|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|431|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|34|sqmi}} (7.4%) is water.[18] It is the smallest county in Oregon by area. It is located along the south side of the Columbia River.

The county includes a number of extinct volcanoes in the Boring Lava Field. The Oregon side of the Columbia River Gorge forms the eastern portion of the county's northern border.

Major highways

  • {{jct|state=OR|I|5}}
  • {{jct|state=OR|I|84}}
  • {{jct|state=OR|I|205}}
  • {{jct|state=OR|I|405}}
  • {{jct|state=OR|US|26}}
  • {{jct|state=OR|US|30}}
  • {{jct|state=OR|US-Byp|30}}
  • {{jct|state=OR|US|99}} (decommissioned)
  • {{jct|state=OR|OR|10}}
  • {{jct|state=OR|OR|43}}
  • {{jct|state=OR|OR|120}}
  • {{jct|state=OR|OR|213}}

Adjacent counties

  • Clark County, Washington - north
  • Skamania County, Washington - northeast
  • Hood River County - east
  • Clackamas County - south
  • Washington County - west
  • Columbia County - northwest

National protected area

  • Mount Hood National Forest (part)

Demographics

{{US Census population
|1860= 4150
|1870= 11510
|1880= 25203
|1890= 74884
|1900= 103167
|1910= 226261
|1920= 275898
|1930= 338241
|1940= 355099
|1950= 471537
|1960= 522813
|1970= 556667
|1980= 562640
|1990= 583887
|2000= 660486
|2010= 735334
|estyear=2017
|estimate=807555
|estref=[19]
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census[20]
1790-1960[21] 1900-1990[22]
1990-2000[23] 2010-2016[1]
}}

2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there are 660,486 people in the county, organized into 272,098 households and 152,102 families. The population density is 1,518 people per square mile (586/km²). There are 288,561 housing units at an average density of 663 per square mile (256/km²). The racial makeup of the county is 79.16% White, 5.70% Asian, 5.67% Black or African American, 1.03% Native American, 0.35% Pacific Islander, 4.03% from other races, and 4.07% from two or more races. 7.51% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. 16.0% were of German, 9.0% English, 8.8% Irish, and 5.1% American ancestry. 83.5% spoke English, 6.3% Spanish, 1.7% Vietnamese and 1.3% Russian as their first language.

There are 272,098 households out of which 26.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 44.1% are non-families. 32.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.37 and the average family size is 3.03.

In the county, the population is spread out with 22.30% under the age of 18, 10.30% from 18 to 24, 33.80% from 25 to 44, 22.50% from 45 to 64, and 11.10% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females, there are 98.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county is $41,278, and the median income for a family is $51,118. Males have a median income of $36,036 versus $29,337 for females. The per capita income for the county is $22,606. 12.70% of the population and 8.20% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 15.40% of those under the age of 18 and 9.80% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 735,334 people, 304,540 households, and 163,539 families residing in the county.[24] The population density was {{convert|1,704.9|PD/sqmi}}. There were 324,832 housing units at an average density of {{convert|753.2|/sqmi}}.[25] The racial makeup of the county was 76.5% white, 6.5% Asian, 5.6% black or African American, 1.1% American Indian, 0.5% Pacific islander, 5.1% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 10.9% of the population.[24] In terms of ancestry, 19.4% were German, 12.2% were Irish, 11.4% were English, and 4.2% were American.[26]

Of the 304,540 households, 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.6% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 46.3% were non-families, and 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age was 35.7 years.[24]

The median income for a household in the county was $49,618 and the median income for a family was $62,956. Males had a median income of $45,152 versus $38,211 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,883. About 11.3% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.1% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over.[27]

Law and government

{{see also|Multnomah County, Oregon election, 2006}}

Multnomah County was a bellwether county for much of the first half of the 20th century. However, since 1964, it has been the strongest Democratic bastion in Oregon. The Democrats have failed to win a majority in the county only two times since then, in 1972 and 1980.

As Multnomah County is by far the largest county in Oregon, Democratic majorities in the county are often enough to swing the results in statewide elections. In 2008, Democratic challenger Jeff Merkley unseated incumbent two-term Senator Gordon Smith even though Smith carried 28 of Oregon's 36 counties. However, Merkley carried Multnomah County by over 142,000 votes, enough to allow him to defeat Smith by 59,100 votes.

Elected officials
  • County Commission (one chair, four commissioners)
    • Chair: Deborah Kafoury[28][29]
    • Commissioner, District 1: Sharon Meieran[29][30]
    • Commissioner, District 2: Susheela Jayapal[31][32]
    • Commissioner, District 3: Jessica Vega Pederson[29][33]
    • Commissioner, District 4: Lori Stegmann[29][34]
  • District Attorney: Rod Underhill[35]
  • Sheriff: Michael Reese[36]
  • Auditor: Steve March[37]
  • Circuit Court[38]
Appointed officials
  • Elections: Tim Scott
  • Finance: Mark Campbell
  • Surveyor: James Clayton

Map of Multnomah County [https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state/legislative/district-maps.aspx Senate-Representative District Maps]

{{Hidden begin
|titlestyle = background:#ccccff;
|title = Presidential election results
}}
Presidential election results[39]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
17.0% 67,9549.7% 38,588
20.7% 75,3024.0% 14,533
20.6% 75,1712.7% 9,843
27.1% 98,4391.3% 4,670
28.2% 83,6778.3% 24,567
26.3% 71,09414.5% 38,989
24.3% 72,32620.4% 60,884
36.5% 95,5611.9% 4,921
45.2% 119,9320.5% 1,428
39.2% 101,60614.2% 36,875
44.4% 112,4004.6% 11,699
46.7% 118,2193.7% 9,269
43.9% 106,8314.9% 12,036
33.5% 81,6830.4% 1,016
50.5% 127,2710.1% 338
52.8% 129,6580.0% 0
55.0% 132,6020.6% 1,339
45.8% 86,5194.7% 8,806
42.0% 78,2791.3% 2,423
42.7% 73,6120.6% 1,106
27.2% 41,4052.9% 4,353
35.6% 47,2015.0% 6,644
61.6% 75,7311.6% 1,951
50.0% 48,86627.8% 27,165
58.1% 44,8066.2% 4,761
51.7% 41,4583.8% 3,022
23.1% 9,21242.2% 16,862[40]
59.8% 17,8197.1% 2,118
73.9% 13,69213.6% 2,518
{{Hidden end}}

Economy

The principal industries of Multnomah County are manufacturing, transportation, wholesale and retail trade, and tourism. Since Oregon does not have a sales tax, it attracts shoppers from southwest Washington.

The Port of Portland, established in 1891 and combined with the City of Portland's Commission of Public Docks in 1971, ranks third in total waterborne commerce on the West Coast, and 31st in the nation for total tonnage according to the 2009 American Association of Port Authorities' Port Industries Statistics.[41] Portland is one of the five largest auto import ports in the nation and is the West Coast's leading exporter of grain and lumber.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} The Port of Portland is also responsible for Portland International Airport (PDX) in the northeast section of Portland, the Troutdale Airport a few miles east of PDX in Multnomah County, the Hillsboro Airport to the west in Washington County, and Mulino State Airport to the south in Clackamas County.

Out of the 199 cities and counties located in the five West Coast states,

Multnomah County ranked 198th in private sector job creation from 1997 to 2009.[42]

Tourism

{{see also|National Register of Historic Places listings in Multnomah County, Oregon}}

The county is home to a number of Portland-area attractions and venues, including Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, Portland Art Museum, Memorial Coliseum, Oregon Convention Center, Moda Center, Providence Park, Washington Park, Oregon Zoo, International Rose Test Garden, Lan Su Chinese Garden, Portland Japanese Garden, and Pittock Mansion.

It is also home to the Historic Columbia River Highway, Multnomah Falls, and Oxbow Regional Park.

Cultural influence

The county was the birthplace of the Multnomah Community Ability Scale, used in mental health programs throughout the U.S.

Communities

{{See also| Portland, Oregon neighborhoods}}

Cities

{{div col}}
  • Fairview
  • Gresham
  • Lake Oswego (small portion)[43]
  • Maywood Park
  • Milwaukie (small portion)
  • Portland (county seat)
  • Troutdale
  • Wood Village
{{div col end}}

Unincorporated communities

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
  • Bonneville
  • Bridal Veil
  • Burlington
  • Corbett
  • Dodson
  • Dunthorpe
  • Holbrook
  • Interlachen
  • Latourell
  • Orient
  • Riverwood
  • Springdale
  • Warrendale
{{div col end}}

Former communities

  • Vanport

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/41051.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=November 15, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60C0CvYvW?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/41051.html|archivedate=July 15, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}
3. ^{{cite web | title = Oregon Almanac: Abbreviation to Counties | publisher = State of Oregon | work = Oregon Blue Book | url = https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/almanac/a-c.aspx | accessdate = July 4, 2007}}
4. ^{{cite web | title = Oregon Historical County Records Guide:Multnomah County History | publisher = Oregon State Archives | url = https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/records/county/Pages/multnomah-history.aspx | accessdate = August 1, 2009}}
5. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2009/02/politicians_and_scandal_a_port.html |title=Politicians and scandal: a Portland-area tradition |first=Fran |last=Genovese |publisher=The Oregonian | accessdate=December 10, 2011 |date=February 19, 2009}}
6. ^1 {{cite web| url= https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/state/elections/history.aspx| title=Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1958-1970| author=Oregon Blue Book|publisher=Oregon Secretary of State|year=2009|accessdate=June 18, 2010}}
7. ^{{cite web| url= http://library.state.or.us/repository/2010/201003011350161/ORVPGenMari1968.pdf|title=State of Oregon Voters' Pamphlet General Election 1968|author=Oregon Secretary of State|publisher=Oregon State Library| year=1968| accessdate=June 18, 2010}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.briem.com/frag/CityCountyReferenda.htm|title=Some Major City-County Consolidation Referenda in the 20th Century|author=Briem, Chris|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|accessdate=March 28, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708093726/http://www.briem.com/frag/CityCountyReferenda.htm|archivedate=July 8, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.leg.state.or.us/97reg/measures/sb0001.dir/sb0009.int.html|title=Relating to city-county consolidation; creating new provisions|author=Senator Lim| publisher=Oregon Legislative Assembly| year=1997|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}
10. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.co.multnomah.or.us/cc/PastAgendas/1998-1999/1999/1999-2.doc|title=Multnomah County March 30 & April 1, 1999 Board Meetings| last=Bogstad | first=Deborah|publisher=Multnomah County, Oregon| year=1999| accessdate= March 28, 2010}}
11. ^{{cite web | title = Children's Internet Protection Act; Questions and Answers | publisher = Multnomah County Library | url = http://www.multcolib.org/news/cipa.html | accessdate = June 29, 2007}}
12. ^{{cite news|title=Once again, policy did not involve public|last= Mitchell| first= Renee S.|publisher=The Oregonian|date=May 5, 2004}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.multcolib.org/news/cipa.html|title=Children's Internet Protection Act; Questions and Answers|publisher=Multnomah County Library|date= December 23, 2009 |accessdate=March 28, 2010}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=May 2003 Special Election - Multnomah County - Measure No. 26-48|url=http://web.multco.us/elections/may-2003-special-election-multnomah-county-measure-no-26-48|publisher=Multnomah County Elections}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=May 20, 2003 - Election Results|url=http://web.multco.us/elections/may-20-2003-election-results|publisher=Multnomah County Elections}}
16. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/front_page/1078318717116670.xml |title=Oregon News homepage |accessdate= November 22, 2010 | work=The Oregonian}}{{Failed verification|date=December 2011}}
17. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2013/11/post_378.html |title=Former Multnomah County Chair Diane Linn returns to Portland with nonprofit job |date=November 4, 2013 |author=Kelly House |publisher=The Oregonian}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_41.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=February 26, 2015|date=August 22, 2012|title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|title=American FactFinder|accessdate=March 23, 2018}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=February 26, 2015}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|accessdate=February 26, 2015}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/or190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|editor-last=Forstall|editor-first=Richard L.|date=March 27, 1995|accessdate=February 26, 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|date=April 2, 2001|accessdate=February 26, 2015}}
24. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US41051 |title=DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data |accessdate=February 23, 2016 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY07/0500000US41051 |accessdate=February 23, 2016 |title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0500000US41051 |title=DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |accessdate=February 23, 2016 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0500000US41051 |title=DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |accessdate=February 23, 2016 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}
28. ^{{cite news|title=Deborah Kafoury takes office as Multnomah County Chair|date=June 5, 2014 |url=https://multco.us/chair-kafoury/news/deborah-kafoury-takes-office-multnomah-county-chair||publisher=multco.us|accessdate=July 22, 2014}}
29. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|last=Manning|first=Rob|title=Multnomah County Swears In All-Female Commission|publisher=Oregon Public Broadcasting|date=January 3, 2017|url=http://www.opb.org/news/article/multnomah-county-swears-in-all-female-commission/|accessdate=January 5, 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=https://multco.us/commissioner-meieran |title=Sharon Meieran, Commissioner, District 1 |publisher=Multnomah County |accessdate=January 5, 2017}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2019/01/jayapal-sworn-in-as-oregons-first-indian-american-to-hold-elected-office.html|title=Jayapal sworn in as Oregon’s first Indian American to hold elected county office|last=Oregonian/OregonLive|first=Beth Nakamura {{!}} The|last2=Oregonian/OregonLive|first2=Betsy Hammond {{!}} The Oregonian/OregonLive The|website=oregonlive.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|last3=Oregonian/OregonLive|first3=Betsy Hammond {{!}} The}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=https://multco.us/commissioner-jayapal|title=Susheela Jayapal|date=2018-12-19|website=Multnomah County|language=en|access-date=2019-01-05}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=https://multco.us/commissioner-vega-pederson |title=Jessica Vega Pederson, Commissioner, District 3 |publisher=Multnomah County |accessdate=January 5, 2017}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=https://multco.us/commissioner-stegmann |title=Lori Stegmann, Commissioner, District 4 |publisher=Multnomah County |accessdate=January 5, 2017}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://mcda.us/ |title=District Attorney's Office homepage |publisher=Multnomah County |accessdate=November 22, 2010}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mcso.us |title=District Attorney's Office homepage |publisher=Multnomah County|accessdate=November 22, 2010}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.co.multnomah.or.us/auditor/ |title=Auditor's Office |publisher=co.multnomah.or.us |accessdate=November 22, 2010}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fedstats.gov/mapstats/demographic/statecourt/381040.html |title=Demographic and Economic Profile Fourth Judicial District OR Circuit Courts |publisher=fedstats.gov }}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=2018-04-11}}
40. ^The leading "other" candidate, Progressive Theodore Roosevelt, received 12,523 votes, while Socialist Eugene Debs received 3,578 votes, Prohibition candidate Eugene Chafin received 761 votes.
41. ^{{cite web|title=Port Industry Statistics|url=http://www.aapa-ports.org/Industry/content.cfm?ItemNumber=900|work=American Association of Port Authorities|accessdate=August 1, 2011}}
42. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.pdxcityclub.org/content/trade-and-oregons-economy | title= Portland's Economic Recovery and the Role of Trade | publisher= City Club of Portland | date= December 2, 2011 | work= Friday Forums| accessdate=December 10, 2011}}
43. ^Ci.oswego.or.us {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204072000/http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/engineer/maps/LO_CompPlan.pdf |date=February 4, 2012 }}

External links

{{Portal|Oregon}}{{Commons category}}
  • Multnomah County
  • [https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/records/county/Pages/multnomah-history.aspx Multnomah County History] from the Oregon State Archives
  • [https://www.loc.gov/item/2012586242/ Historical Map of Multnomah County, Oregon] Library of Congress {{hyphen}} Map Date: January 1889 (hi{{hyphen}}res) {{open access}}
{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Multnomah County, Oregon
|North = Clark County, Washington
|Northeast = Skamania County, Washington
|East = Hood River County
|Southeast =
|South = Clackamas County
|Southwest =
|West = Washington County
|Northwest = Columbia County
}}{{Multnomah County, Oregon}}{{Oregon}}{{coord|45.54|-122.41|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-OR_source:UScensus1990}}{{Authority control}}

5 : Multnomah County, Oregon|1854 establishments in Oregon Territory|Populated places established in 1854|Columbia River Gorge|Portland metropolitan area counties
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