“Mumia Abu-Jamal”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mumia Abu-Jamal (born Wesley Cook;^[3] April 24, 1954) is a political activist and journalist who was convicted of murder and sentenced to death in 1982 for the 1981 murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner. He became widely known while on death row for his writings and commentary on the criminal justice system in the United States. After numerous appeals, his death penalty sentence was overturned by a Federal court. In 2011, the prosecution agreed to a sentence of life imprisonment without parole. He entered the general prison population early the following year.

Beginning at the age of 14 in 1968, Abu-Jamal became involved with the Black Panther Party and was a member until October 1970. After he left the party, he completed his high school education, and later became a radio reporter. He eventually served as president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists. He supported the MOVE Organization in Philadelphia and covered the 1978 confrontation in which one police officer was killed. The MOVE Nine were the members who were arrested and convicted of murder in that case.

Since 1982, the murder trial of Abu-Jamal has been seriously criticized for constitutional failings;^[4] some have claimed that he is innocent, and many opposed his death sentence.^[5]^[6] The Faulkner family, public authorities, police organizations, and conservative groups believe that Abu-Jamal's trial was fair, his guilt undeniable, and his death sentence appropriate.

When his death sentence was overturned by a Federal court in 2001, he was described as "perhaps the world's best known death-row inmate" by The New York Times.^[7] During his imprisonment, Abu-Jamal has published books and commentaries on social and political issues; his first book was Live from Death Row (1995).

Early life and activism

He was born Wesley Cook in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he grew up. He has a younger brother named William. They attended local public schools.

In 1968, a high school teacher, a Kenyan instructing a class on African cultures, encouraged the students to take African or Arabic names for classroom use; he gave Cook the name "Mumia".^[8] According to Abu-Jamal, "Mumia" means "Prince" and was the name of a Kenyan anti-colonial African nationalist who fought against the British before Kenyan independence.^[9]

Involvement with the Black Panthers

Abu-Jamal has described being "kicked ... into the Black Panther Party" as a teenager of 14, after suffering a beating from "white racists" and a policeman for trying to disrupt a 1968 rally for Independent candidate George Wallace, former governor of Alabama, who was running on a racist platform.^[10] From then he helped form the Philadelphia branch of the Black Panther Party with Defense Captain Reggie Schell,^[11]^[12] and other Panthers. He was appointed as the chapter's "Lieutenant of Information," responsible for writing information and news communications. In an interview in the early years, Abu-Jamal quoted Mao Zedong, saying that "political power grows out of the barrel of a gun".^[13] That same year, he dropped out of Benjamin Franklin High School and began living at the branch's headquarters.^[12]

He spent late 1969 in New York City and early 1970 in Oakland, living and working with BPP colleagues in those cities; the party had been founded in Oakland.^[14] He was a party member from May 1969 until October 1970. During this period, he was subject to Federal Bureau of Investigation COINTELPRO surveillance, with which the Philadelphia police cooperated, and it continued until about 1974. The FBI was working to infiltrate black radical groups and to disrupt them by creating internal dissension.^[15]

Return to education

After leaving the Panthers, Abu-Jamal returned as a student at his former high school. He was suspended for distributing literature calling for "black revolutionary student power".^[16] He led unsuccessful protests to change the school name to Malcolm X High, to honor the major African-American leader who had been killed in New York by political opponents.^[16]

After attaining his GED, Abu-Jamal studied briefly at Goddard College in rural Vermont.^[17] He returned to Philadelphia.

Marriages and family

Cook adopted the surname Abu-Jamal ("father of Jamal" in Arabic) after the birth of his first child, son Jamal, on July 18, 1971.^[8]^[18] He married Jamal's mother Biba in 1973, but they did not stay together long.^[19] Their daughter, Lateefa, was born shortly after the wedding.^[20] The couple divorced.

In 1977 Abu-Jamal married again, to his second wife, Marilyn (known as "Peachie").^[18]^[21] Their son, Mazi, was born in early 1978.^[22] By 1981, Abu-Jamal had divorced Peachie and married to his third (and current) wife, Wadiya.^[21]

Radio journalism career

By 1975 Abu-Jamal was working in radio newscasting, first at Temple University's WRTI and then at commercial enterprises.^[16] In 1975, he was employed at radio station WHAT, and he became host of a weekly feature program at WCAU-FM in 1978.^[23] He also worked for brief periods at radio station WPEN. He became active in the local chapter of the Marijuana Users Association of America.^[23]

From 1979 to 1981 he worked at National Public Radio (NPR) affiliate WHYY. The management asked him to resign, saying that he did not maintain a sufficiently objective approach in his presentation of news.^[23] As a radio journalist, Abu-Jamal was renowned for identifying with and covering the MOVE anarcho-primitivist commune in West Philadelphia's Powelton Village neighborhood. He reported on the 1979–80 trial of certain members (the "MOVE Nine"), who were convicted of the murder of police officer James Ramp.^[23] Abu-Jamal had several high-profile interviews, including with Julius Erving, Bob Marley and Alex Haley. He was elected president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists.^[35]

Before joining MOVE, Abu-Jamal reported on the organization.^[24] When he joined MOVE, he said it was because of his love of the people in the organization. Thinking back on it later, he said he "was probably enraged as well".^[25]

In December 1981, Abu-Jamal was working as a taxicab driver in Philadelphia two nights a week to supplement his income.^[35] He had been working part-time as a reporter for WDAS,^[23] then an African-American-oriented and minority-owned radio station.^[26]

Traffic stop and death of officer

At 3:55 am on December 9, 1981, in Philadelphia, close to the intersection at 13th and Locust streets, Philadelphia Police Department officer Daniel Faulkner conducted a traffic stop on a vehicle belonging to and driven by William Cook, Abu-Jamal's younger brother. Faulkner and Cook became engaged in a physical confrontation.^[27] Driving his cab in the vicinity, Abu-Jamal observed the altercation, parked, and ran across the street toward Cook's car.^[4] Faulkner was shot from behind and in the face. He shot Abu-Jamal in the stomach. Faulkner died at the scene from the gunshot to his head.

Arrest and trial

Police arrived and arrested Abu-Jamal, who was found to be wearing a shoulder holster. His revolver, which had five spent cartridges, was beside him. He was taken directly from the scene of the shooting to Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, where he received treatment for his wound.^[28] He was next taken to Police

Headquarters, where he was charged and held for trial in the first-degree murder of Officer Faulkner.^[29]

Prosecution case at trial

The prosecution presented four witnesses to the court about the shootings. Robert Chobert, a cab driver who testified he was parked behind Faulkner, identified Abu-Jamal as the shooter. Cynthia White, a prostitute, testified that Abu-Jamal emerged from a nearby parking lot and shot Faulkner. Michael Scanlan, a motorist, testified that from two car lengths away, he saw a man, matching Abu-Jamal's description, run across the street from a parking lot and shoot Faulkner. Albert Magilton, a pedestrian who did not see the shooting, testified to seeing Faulkner pull over Cook's car. As Abu-Jamal started to cross the street toward them, Magilton turned away and did not see what happened next.

The prosecution presented two witnesses from the hospital where Abu-Jamal was treated. Hospital security guard Priscilla Durham and police officer Garry Bell testified that Abu-Jamal said in the hospital, "I shot the motherfucker, and I hope the motherfucker dies."^[30]

A .38 caliber Charter Arms revolver, belonging to Abu-Jamal, with five spent cartridges, was retrieved beside him at the scene. He was wearing a shoulder holster. Anthony Paul, the Supervisor of the Philadelphia Police Department's firearms identification unit, testified at trial that the cartridge cases and rifling characteristics of the weapon were consistent with bullet fragments taken from Faulkner's body. Tests to confirm that Abu-Jamal had handled and fired the weapon were not performed. Contact with arresting police and other surfaces at the scene could have compromised the forensic value of such tests.^[31]

Defense case at trial

The defense maintained that Abu-Jamal was innocent, and that the prosecution witnesses were unreliable. The defense presented nine character witnesses, including poet Sonia Sanchez, who testified that Abu-Jamal was "viewed by the black community as a creative, articulate, peaceful, genial man". Another defense witness, Dessie Hightower, testified that he saw a man running along the street shortly after the shooting, although he did not see the shooting itself. His testimony contributed to the development of a "running man theory", based on the possibility that a "running man" may have been the shooter. Veronica Jones also testified for the defense, but she did not testify to having seen another man. Other potential defense witnesses refused to appear in court. Abu-Jamal did not testify in his own defense, nor did his brother, William Cook. Cook had repeatedly told investigators at the crime scene: "I ain't got nothing to do with this!".^[32]

Verdict and sentence

After three hours of deliberations, the jury presented a unanimous guilty verdict.

In the sentencing phase of the trial, Abu-Jamal read to the jury from a prepared statement. He was cross-examined about issues relevant to the assessment of his character by Joseph McGill, the prosecuting attorney.

In his statement, Abu-Jamal criticized his attorney as a "legal trained lawyer", who was imposed on him against his will and who "knew he was inadequate to the task and chose to follow the directions of this black-robed conspirator [referring to the judge], Albert Sabo, even if it meant ignoring my directions." He claimed that his rights had been "deceitfully stolen" from him by [Judge] Sabo, particularly focusing on the denial of his request to receive defense assistance from John Africa, who was not an attorney, and being prevented from proceeding pro se. He quoted remarks of John Africa, and said:

Abu-Jamal was sentenced to death by the unanimous decision of the jury. Amnesty International has objected to the introduction by the prosecution at the time of his sentencing of statements from when he was an activist as a youth. It also protested the politicization of the trial, noting that there was documented recent history in Philadelphia of police abuse and corruption, including fabricated evidence and use of excessive force. Amnesty International concluded "that the proceedings used to convict and sentence Mumia Abu-Jamal to death were in violation of minimum international standards that govern fair trial procedures and the use of the death penalty".^[4]

Appeals and review

State appeals

The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on March 6, 1989, heard and rejected a direct appeal of his conviction.^[33] It subsequently denied rehearing.^[34] The Supreme Court of the United States denied his petition for writ of certiorari on October 1, 1990,^[35] and denied his petition for rehearing twice up to June 10, 1991.^[36]^[37]

On June 1, 1995, Abu-Jamal's death warrant was signed by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge.^[37] Its execution was suspended while Abu-Jamal pursued state post-conviction review. At the post-conviction review hearings, new witnesses were called. William "Dales" Singletary testified that he saw the shooting, and that the gunman was the passenger in Cook's car. Singletary's account contained discrepancies which rendered it "not credible" in the opinion of the court.^[37] William Harmon, a convicted fraudster, testified that Faulkner's murderer fled in a car that pulled up to the crime scene, and could not have been Abu-Jamal. Robert Harkins testified that he had witnessed a man stand over Faulkner as the latter lay wounded on the ground, shoot Faulkner at point-blank in the face, and then "walked and sat down on the curb".

The six judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ruled unanimously that all issues raised by Abu-Jamal, including the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, were without merit.^[38] The Supreme Court of the United States denied a petition for certiorari against that decision on October 4, 1999, enabling Ridge to sign a second death warrant on October 13, 1999. Its execution was stayed as Abu-Jamal began to seek federal habeas corpus review.^[37]

In 1999, Arnold Beverly claimed that he and an unnamed assailant, not Mumia Abu-Jamal, shot Daniel Faulkner as part of a contract killing because Faulkner was interfering with graft and payoff to corrupt police.^[39] As Abu-Jamal's defense team prepared another appeal in 2001, they were divided over use of the Beverly affidavit. Some thought it usable and others rejected Beverly's story as "not credible".^[40]

Private investigator George Newman claimed in 2001 that Chobert had recanted his testimony.^[41] Commentators noted that police and news photographs of the crime scene did not show Chobert's taxi, and that Cynthia White, the only witness at the original trial to testify to seeing the taxi, had previously provided crime scene descriptions that omitted it.^[42] Cynthia White was declared to be dead by the state of New Jersey in 1992, but Pamela Jenkins claimed that she saw White alive as late as 1997. The Free Mumia Coalition has claimed that White was a police informant and that she falsified her testimony against Abu-Jamal.^[43]

Kenneth Pate, who was imprisoned with Abu-Jamal on other charges, has since claimed that his step-sister Priscilla Durham, a hospital security guard, admitted later she had not heard the "hospital confession" to which she had testified at trial.^[44] The hospital doctors said that Abu-Jamal was "on the verge of fainting" when brought in, and they did not hear any such confession.^[45]

In 2008, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania rejected a further request from Abu-Jamal for a hearing into claims that the trial witnesses perjured themselves, on the grounds that he had waited too long before filing the appeal.^[46]

On March 26, 2012 the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania rejected his appeal for retrial. His defense had asserted, based on a 2009 report by the National Academy of Sciences, that forensic evidence presented by the prosecution and accepted into evidence in the original trial was unreliable.^[47]^[48] This was reported as Abu-Jamal's last legal appeal.^[49]

On April 30, 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled that Abu-Jamal would not be immediately granted another appeal and that the proceedings had to continue until August 30 of that year.^[50]^[51] The defense argued that former Pennsylvania Supreme Court Chief justice Ronald D. Castille should have recused himself from the 2012 appeals decision after his involvement as Philadelphia District Attorney (DA) in the 1989 appeal.^[52] Both sides of the 2018 proceedings repeatedly cited a 1990 letter sent by Castille to then-Governor Bob Casey, urging Casey to sign the execution warrants of those convicted of murdering police. This letter, demanding Casey send "a clear and dramatic message to all cop killers," was claimed one of many reasons to suspect Castille's bias in the case.^[53] Philadelphia's current DA Larry Krasner could not find any document supporting the defense's claim. On August 30, 2018, the proceedings to determine another appeal were once again extended and a ruling on the matter was delayed for at least 60 more days.^[54]

Federal District Court 2001 ruling

The Free Mumia Coalition published statements by William Cook and his brother Abu-Jamal in the spring of 2001. Cook, who had been stopped by the police officer, had not made any statement before April 29, 2001, and did not testify at his brother's trial. In 2001 he said that he had not seen who had shot Faulkner.^[55] Abu-Jamal did not make any public statements about Faulkner's murder until May 4, 2001. In his version of events, he claimed that he was sitting in his cab across the street when he heard shouting, saw a police vehicle, and heard the sound of gunshots. Upon seeing his brother appearing disoriented across the street, Abu-Jamal ran to him from the parking lot and was shot by a police officer.^[56]

In 2001 Judge William H. Yohn, Jr. of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania upheld the conviction, saying that Abu-Jamal did not have the right to a new trial. But he vacated the sentence of death on December 18, 2001, citing irregularities in the penalty phase of the trial and the original process of sentencing.^[37] Particularly, he said that

He ruled that it was unconstitutional to require that a jury be unanimous in its finding of circumstances mitigating against determining a sentence of death.^[58]

Eliot Grossman and Marlene Kamish, attorneys for Abu-Jamal, criticized the ruling on the grounds that it denied the possibility of a trial de novo, at which they could introduce evidence that their client had been framed.^[59] Prosecutors also criticized the ruling. Officer Faulkner's widow Maureen said the judgment would allow Abu-Jamal, whom she described as a "remorseless, hate-filled killer", to "be permitted to enjoy the pleasures that come from simply being alive".^[60] Both parties appealed.

Federal appeal and review

On December 6, 2005, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals admitted four issues for appeal of the ruling of the District Court:^[61]

The Third Circuit Court heard oral arguments in the appeals on May 17, 2007, at the United States Courthouse in Philadelphia. The appeal panel consisted of Chief Judge Anthony Joseph Scirica, Judge Thomas Ambro, and Judge Robert Cowen. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania sought to reinstate the sentence of death, on the basis that Yohn's ruling was flawed, as he should have deferred to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court which had already ruled on the issue of sentencing. The prosecution said that the Batson claim was invalid because Abu-Jamal made no complaints during the original jury selection.

The resulting jury was racially mixed, with 2 blacks and 10 whites at the time of the unanimous conviction, but defense counsel told the Third Circuit Court that Abu-Jamal did not get a fair trial because the jury was racially biased, misinformed, and the judge was a racist. He noted that the prosecution used eleven out of fourteen peremptory challenges to eliminate prospective black jurors.^[62]^[63] Terri Maurer-Carter, a former Philadelphia court stenographer, claimed in a 2001 affidavit nearly 20 years after the trial that she overheard Judge Sabo say "Yeah, and I'm going to help them fry the nigger" in the course of a conversation with three people present regarding Abu-Jamal's case.^[64] Sabo denied having made any such comment.^[65]

On March 27, 2008, the three-judge panel issued a majority 2–1 opinion upholding Yohn's 2001 opinion but rejecting the bias and Batson claims, with Judge Ambro dissenting on the Batson issue. On July 22, 2008, Abu-Jamal's formal petition seeking reconsideration of the decision by the full Third Circuit panel of 12 judges was denied.^[66] On April 6, 2009, the United States Supreme Court refused to hear Abu-Jamal's appeal, allowing his conviction to stand.^[67]

On January 19, 2010, the Supreme Court ordered the appeals court to reconsider its decision to rescind the death penalty.^[68]^[69] The same three-judge panel convened in Philadelphia on November 9, 2010, to hear oral argument.^[70]^[71] On April 26, 2011, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals reaffirmed its prior decision to vacate the death sentence on the grounds that the jury instructions and verdict form were ambiguous and confusing.^[72] The Supreme Court declined to hear the case in October.^[73]

Death penalty dropped

On December 7, 2011, District Attorney of Philadelphia R. Seth Williams announced that prosecutors, with the support of the victim's family, would no longer seek the death penalty for Abu-Jamal and would accept a sentence of life imprisonment without parole.^[74]^[75]^[76] This sentence was reaffirmed by the Superior Court of Pennsylvania on July 9, 2013.^[77]

After the press conference on the sentence, widow Maureen Faulkner said that she did not want to relive the trauma of another trial. She understood that it would be extremely difficult to present the case against Abu-Jamal again, after the passage of 30 years and the deaths of several key witnesses. She also said:

Life as a prisoner

In 1991 Abu-Jamal published an essay in the Yale Law Journal, on the death penalty and his death row experience.^[79] In May 1994, Abu-Jamal was engaged by National Public Radio's All Things Considered program to deliver a series of monthly three-minute commentaries on crime and punishment.^[80] The broadcast plans and commercial arrangement were canceled following condemnations from, among others, the Fraternal Order of Police^[81] and U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas Republican Party).^[82] Abu-Jamal sued NPR for not airing his work, but a federal judge dismissed the suit.^[83] His commentaries later were published in May 1995 as part of his first book, Live from Death Row.^[84]

In 1996, he completed a B.A. degree via correspondence classes at Goddard College,^[85] which he had attended for a time as a young man. He has been invited as commencement speaker by a number of colleges, and has participated via recordings. In 1999, Abu-Jamal was invited to record a keynote address for the graduating class at Evergreen State College in Washington State. The event was protested by some.^[86] In 2000, he recorded a commencement address for Antioch College.^[87] The now defunct New College of California School of Law presented him with an honorary degree "for his struggle to resist the death penalty."^[88]

On October 5, 2014, he gave the commencement speech at Goddard College, via playback of a recording.^[89] As before, the choice of Abu-Jamal was controversial.^[90] Ten days later the Pennsylvania legislature had passed an addition to the Crime Victims Act called "Revictimization Relief." The new provision is intended to prevent actions that cause "a temporary or permanent state of mental anguish" to those who have previously been victimized by crime. It was signed by the Republican governor five days later. Commentators suggest that the bill was directed to control Abu-Jamal's journalism, book publication, and public speaking, and that it will be challenged on the grounds of free speech.^[85]

With occasional interruptions due to prison disciplinary actions, Abu-Jamal has for many years been a regular commentator on an online broadcast, sponsored by Prison Radio.^[91] He also is published as a regular columnist for Junge Welt, a Marxist newspaper in Germany. For almost a decade, Abu-Jamal taught introductory courses in Georgist economics by correspondence to other prisoners around the world.^[92]

In addition, he has written and published several books: Live From Death Row (1995), a diary of life on Pennsylvania's death row; All Things Censored (2000), a collection of essays examining issues of crime and punishment; Death Blossoms: Reflections from a Prisoner of Conscience (2003), in which he explores religious themes; and We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party (2004), a history of the Black Panthers that draws on his own experience as well as research, and explores the federal government's program known as COINTELPRO, to disrupt black activist organizations.

In 1995, Abu-Jamal was punished with solitary confinement for engaging in entrepreneurship contrary to prison regulations. Subsequent to the airing of the 1996 HBO documentary A Case For Reasonable Doubt?, which included footage from visitation interviews conducted with him, the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections banned outsiders from using any recording equipment in state prisons.^[17]

In litigation before the U.S. Court of Appeals, in 1998 Abu-Jamal successfully established his right while in prison to write for financial gain. The same litigation also established that the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections had illegally opened his mail in an attempt to establish whether he was earning money by his writing.^[93]

When, for a brief time in August 1999, Abu-Jamal began delivering his radio commentaries live on the Pacifica Network's Democracy Now! weekday radio newsmagazine, prison staff severed the connecting wires of his telephone from their mounting in mid-performance.^[17] He was later allowed to resume his broadcasts, and hundreds of his broadcasts have been aired on Pacifica Radio.^[94]

Following the overturning of his death sentence, Abu-Jamal was sentenced to life in prison in December 2011. At the end of January 2012, he was shifted from the isolation of death row into the general prison population at State Correctional Institution – Mahanoy.^[95]

On March 30, 2015, he suffered diabetic shock and has been diagnosed with active hepatitis C.^[96] In August 2015 his attorneys filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, alleging that he has not received appropriate medical care for his serious health conditions.^[97]

Popular support and opposition

Labor unions,^[98]^[99]^[100] politicians,^[6] advocates,^[101] educators,^[102] the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund,^[16] and human rights advocacy organizations such as Human Rights Watch^[103] and Amnesty International have expressed concern about the impartiality of the trial of Abu-Jamal.^[4] Amnesty International neither takes a position on the guilt or innocence of Abu-Jamal nor classifies him as a political prisoner.^[4]

The family of Daniel Faulkner, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the City of Philadelphia,^[132] politicians,^[132]^[104] and the Fraternal Order of Police have continued to support the original trial and sentencing of the journalist.^[105] In August 1999, the Fraternal Order of Police called for an economic boycott against all individuals and organizations that support Abu-Jamal.^[106]

Partly based on his own writing, Abu-Jamal and his cause have become widely known internationally, and other groups have classified him as a political prisoner. About 25 cities, including Montreal, Palermo, and Paris, have made him an honorary citizen.^[107]^[108]

In 2001, he received the sixth biennial Erich Mühsam Prize, named after an anarcho-communist essayist, which recognizes activism in line with that of its namesake.^[109] In October 2002, he was made an honorary member of the German political organization Society of People Persecuted by the Nazi Regime – Federation of Anti-Fascists (VVN-BdA)^[110]

On April 29, 2006, a newly paved road in the Parisian suburb of Saint-Denis was named Rue Mumia Abu-Jamal in his honor.^[111] In protest of the street-naming, U.S. Congressman Michael Fitzpatrick and Senator Rick Santorum, both members of the Republican Party of Pennsylvania, introduced resolutions in both Houses of Congress condemning the decision.^[112]^[113] The House of Representatives voted 368–31 in favor of Fitzpatrick's resolution.^[114] In December 2006, the 25th anniversary of the murder, the executive committee of the Republican Party for the 59th Ward of the City of Philadelphia—covering approximately Germantown, Philadelphia—filed two criminal complaints in the French legal system against the city of Paris and the city of Saint-Denis, accusing the municipalities of "glorifying" Abu-Jamal and alleging the offense "apology or denial of crime" in respect of their actions.^[108]^[104]

In 2007, the widow of Officer Faulkner co-authored a book with Philadelphia radio journalist Michael Smerconish titled Murdered by Mumia: A Life Sentence of Pain, Loss, and Injustice.^[116] The book was part memoir of Faulkner's widow, and part discussion in which they chronicled Abu-Jamal's trial and discussed evidence for his conviction. They also discussed support for the death penalty.^[117]

In early 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Debo Adegbile, a former lawyer for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, to head the civil rights division of the Justice Department. He had worked on Abu-Jamal's case, and his nomination was rejected by the U.S. Senate on a bipartisan basis because of that.^[118]

In April 10, 2015, Marylin Zuniga, a teacher at Forest Street Elementary School in Orange, New Jersey, was suspended without pay after asking her students to write cards to Abu-Jamal, who was ill in prison due to complications from diabetes, without approval from the school or parents. Some parents and police leaders denounced her actions.^[119] On the other hand, community members, parents, teachers, and professors expressed their support and condemned Zuniga's suspension.^[120] Scholars and educators nationwide, including Noam Chomsky, Chris Hedges and Cornel West among others, signed a letter calling for her immediate reinstatement.^[121] On May 13, 2015, the Orange Preparatory Academy board voted to dismiss Marylin Zuniga after hearing from her and several of her supporters.^[122]

Written works

Representation in popular culture

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZzQVpPvlVMcC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=%22mumia+abu+jamal%22+Biba&source=bl&ots=ampqpNj_XS&sig=16BQ6qPjfQFR9e3w-m27OTEyj3g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhvv2YjKnZAhWCyIMKHcOLBZAQ6AEITDAF#v=onepage&q=%22mumia+abu+jamal%22+Biba&f=false|title=American Dissidents: An Encyclopedia of Activists, Subversives, and Prisoners of Conscience|first=Kathlyn|last=Gay|date=September 2, 2018|publisher=ABC-CLIO|via=Google Books}}
2. ^{{cite news|title='I spend my days preparing for life, not for death'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/25/usa.laurasmith|accessdate=15 February 2018|work=The Guardian|date=25 October 2007}}
3. ^{{cite news |author=Smith, Laura|title='I spend my days preparing for life, not for death'|publisher=The Guardian|date=October 27, 2007|url=https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,,2198557,00.html|access-date=2008-01-22|location=London}}
4. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web | title=A Life in the Balance: The Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal | publisher=Amnesty International | date=February 17, 2000 | url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/report/info/AMR51/001/2000 | access-date =2007-10-18 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081201103126/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AMR51/001/2000 |archivedate = December 1, 2008}}
5. ^{{cite web | last=Taylor Jr. | first=Stuart | title=Guilty and Framed | publisher=The American Lawyer | date=December 1, 1995 | url=http://stuarttaylorjr.com/content/guilty-and-framed | access-date=2014-07-31 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053713/http://stuarttaylorjr.com/content/guilty-and-framed | archivedate=August 8, 2014 | df=mdy-all}}
6. ^¹{{cite web | title=European Parliament resolution 9(f) B4-1170/95 (p. 39 of original, 49 of pdf) | publisher=European Parliament | date=September 21, 1995 | url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/calendar/calendar?APP=PDF&TYPE=PV2&FILE=19950921EN.pdf&LANGUE=EN | format=PDF | access-date=2008-01-22}}
7. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/19/us/death-sentence-overturned-in-1981-killing-of-officer.html?pagewanted=all|title=Death Sentence Overturned in 1981 Killing of Officer|first=Sara|last=Rimer|work=The New York Times|page=1|date=December 19, 2001|access-date=July 6, 2011}}
8. ^¹{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Prologue: Joining the Party | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=The College of New Jersey | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/index.htm | access-date=2008-01-22}}
9. ^{{cite web | last=Abu-Jamal | first=Mumia | title=Question for Mumia: Tell Me About Your Name | work=Mumia Abu-Jamal Radio Broadcast | publisher=Prison Radio | date=February 7, 2003 | url=http://archive.prisonradio.org/maj/maj_2_7_name.html | access-date=July 11, 2012}}
10. ^{{cite book |author=Abu-Jamal, Mumia|year=1996|title=Live From Death Row|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=New York|page=151|isbn=978-0-380-72766-7}}
11. ^{{cite book|last1=Abu Jamal|first1=Mumia|title=We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party|date=2004|publisher=South End Press.|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=0896087182|ref=http://archive.prisonradio.org/PhiladelphiaStory.htm}}
12. ^¹{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Part I: "Do Something, Nigger!" | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=The College of New Jersey | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part1.htm | access-date=2008-01-22}}
13. ^{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Epilogue: The Barrel of a Gun | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=The College of New Jersey | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part5.htm | access-date=2008-01-22}}
14. ^{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Part II: The Party in Philadelphia | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=The College of New Jersey | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part2.htm | access-date=2008-01-22}}
15. ^{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Part III: 'Armed and Dangerous': Tracked by the FBI | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=The College of New Jersey | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part3.htm | access-date=2008-01-22}}
16. ^¹²³{{cite web | last=Shaw | first=Theodore M. |author2=Chachkin, Norman J. |author3=Swarns, Christina A. | title=Brief of amicus curiae | work=Mumia Abu-Jamal v. Martin Horn, Pennsylvania Director of Corrections, et al. | publisher=NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund | date=July 27, 2007 | url=http://www.naacpldf.org/content/pdf/jury/Abu-Jamal_v_Horn_amicus_brief.pdf | format=PDF | access-date=2008-01-22 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071202082956/http://www.naacpldf.org/content/pdf/jury/Abu-Jamal_v_Horn_amicus_brief.pdf |archivedate = December 2, 2007}}
17. ^¹²{{cite journal | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Mumia's voice: confined to Pennsylvania's death row, Mumia Abu-Jamal remains at the center of debate as he continues to write and options to appeal his police murder conviction dwindle | journal=Black Issues Book Review | date=September 1, 2004 | url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mumia%27s+voice%3A+confined+to+Pennsylvania%27s+death+row,+Mumia+Abu-Jamal...-a0121572304 | access-date=2011-06-18}}
18. ^¹{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Part IV: Leaving the Party | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=The College of New Jersey | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/parrt4.htm | access-date=2008-01-22}}
19. ^Bisson, p.119 quoted at {{cite web | title=The Religious Affiliation of Mumia Abu-Jamal | publisher=Adherents.com | date=September 3, 2005 | url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pa/Mumia_AbuJamal.html | access-date=2008-01-22}}
20. ^{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Mumia Abu-Jamal's Family Faces Future While Fighting Fear 20th Anniversary of 1981 Shooting Approaches | publisher=NNPA News Service |date=December 2001 | url=http://drumsintheglobalvillage.com/2006/12/01/remembering-13th-and-locust-25-years-later/| access-date=2012-11-27}}
21. ^¹{{cite web|last=Phelps|first=Christopher|authorlink=Christopher Phelps|url=http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1847|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211021103/http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1847|dead-url=yes|archive-date=February 11, 2012|title=Abu-Jamal, Mumia|work=African American National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=December 27, 2011}}
22. ^See ages given in: {{cite web |last=Vann |first=Bill |title=Tens of thousands rally in Philadelphia for political prisoner Mumia Abu-Jamal |work=World Socialist Web Site news |publisher=International Committee of the Fourth International |date=April 27, 1999 |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/apr1999/maj-a27.shtml |access-date=2008-01-22}} and {{cite web |last=Erard |first=Michael |title=A Radical in the Family |publisher=The Texas Observer |date=July 4, 2003 |url=http://www.michaelerard.com/fulltext/2006/08/a_radical_in_the_family_texas.html |access-date=2008-01-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219171918/http://www.michaelerard.com/fulltext/2006/08/a_radical_in_the_family_texas.html |archivedate=December 19, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy}}
23. ^¹²³⁴{{cite news | last1=Johnson | first1=Terry E | last2=Hobbs | first2=Michael A | title=The Suspect – One Who Raised His Voice | publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer | date=December 10, 1981 | url=http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/12-10a.htm |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070702232822/http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/12-10a.htm |archivedate = July 2, 2007}}
24. ^{{cite book|last1=Lotringer|first1=Dhoruba Bin Wahad, Mumia Abu-Jamal, Assata Shakur ; edited by Jim Fletcher, Tanaquil Jones, & Sylvère|title=Still Black, still strong : survivors of the U.S. war against Black revolutionaries|date=1993|publisher=Semiotext(e)|location=New York|isbn=9780936756745|page=118}}
25. ^{{cite book|last1=Lotringer|first1=Dhoruba Bin Wahad, Mumia Abu-Jamal, Assata Shakur ; edited by Jim Fletcher, Tanaquil Jones, & Sylvère|title=Still Black, still strong : survivors of the U.S. war against Black revolutionaries|date=1993|publisher=Semiotext(e)|location=New York|isbn=9780936756745|page=123}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/nj2/piratejim/phillyamhistory.html|title=Philadelphia AM Radio History|publisher=Radio-History.com|access-date=2008-01-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102193734/http://www.angelfire.com/nj2/piratejim/phillyamhistory.html|archivedate=November 2, 2007|df=mdy-all}}
27. ^{{cite news|last1=Wisenberg Brin|first1=Dinah|title=Death-Row Clock Ticking for Activist Convicted of Killing Officer|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-02/news/mn-19669_1_abu-jamal-shot-faulkner-abu-jamal-s-supporters-mumia-abu-jamal|access-date=30 August 2016|publisher=Los Angelos Times|date=2 July 1995}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=Trial and Post-Conviction Relief Act (PCRA) hearing transcripts |publisher=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |url=http://www.danielfaulkner.com/docs/MumiaTrialandPCRAAppealsTranscripts.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2008-01-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030053332/http://www.danielfaulkner.com/docs/MumiaTrialandPCRAAppealsTranscripts.pdf |archivedate=October 30, 2007}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://iacenter.org/images/dembe.pdf|title=Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal, Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas, First Judicial District, Philadelphia, Case Nos. 1357–59|date=November 21, 2001}}
30. ^"Trial transcript pp.29, 31, 34, 137, 162 and 164". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 24, 1982.
31. ^Prosecution expert witness Charles Tumosa said such tests were "unreliable ... It doesn't work if you grab a piece of metal like this or put your hand on a car or touch a firearm or touch a person who has touched a firearm or if you put your hand on the clean city streets or whatever." Defense expert witness George Fassnacht said, "I don't know where he was grasped, but if you are saying that they had contacted his hands, particularly where a great deal of pressure was applied, they could have very well destroyed traces of powder residue if, in fact, such did exist. That is a possibility."
32. ^{{cite news | last=Lopez | first=Steve | title=Wrong Guy, Good Cause | publisher=Time | date=July 23, 2000 | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,50613,00.html | access-date=2007-11-23}}
33. ^{{cite court | litigants=Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal | vol=555 | reporter=A.2d | opinion=846 | year=1989}}
34. ^{{cite court | litigants=Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal | vol=569 | reporter=A.2d | opinion=915 | year=1990}}
35. ^{{cite court | litigants=Abu-Jamal v. Pennsylvania | vol=498 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=881 | year=1990}}
36. ^{{cite court | litigants=Abu-Jamal v. Pennsylvania | vol=501 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=1214 | year=1991}}
37. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web | last=Yohn | first=William H., Jr. | title=Memorandum and Order | work=Mumia Abu-Jamal, Petitioner, vs. Martin Horn, Commissioner, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, et al., Respondents | publisher=US District Court for the Eastern District of Philadelphia |date=December 2001 | url=http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/documents/opinions/01D0951P.pdf | format=PDF | access-date=2008-01-22}}
38. ^{{cite court | litigants=Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal | vol=720 | reporter=A.2d | opinion=79 | year=1998}}
39. ^{{cite web | last=Beverly | first=Arnold | title=Affidavit of Arnold Beverly | publisher=Justice for Police Officer Daniel Faulkner | date=June 8, 1999 | url=http://www.danielfaulkner.com/original/testimony.html| access-date=December 1, 2011}}
40. ^{{cite web|author=Lindorff, Dave|date=June 15, 2001|title=Mumia's all-or-nothing gamble|publisher=Salon.com|access-date=2010-09-24|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2001/06/15/mumia//index.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214111507/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2001/06/15/mumia/index.html|archivedate=February 14, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
41. ^{{Cite journal | last=Newman | first=George Michael | title=Affidavit of George Michael Newman | publisher=Labor Action Committee to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal | date=September 25, 2001 | url=http://www.laboractionmumia.org/docs/016_NewmanAFFIDAVIT.rtf | format=rdf | access-date=December 1, 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125085633/http://www.laboractionmumia.org/docs/016_NewmanAFFIDAVIT.rtf | archivedate=January 25, 2012 | df=mdy-all}}
42. ^Dave Lindorff and Linn Washington, Jr, CounterPunch, September 20, 2010, "Sidewalk Murder Scene Should Have Displayed Vivid Bullet Impact Marks" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515054117/http://www.counterpunch.org/lindorff09202010.html |date=May 15, 2011}}
43. ^{{Cite journal | last=Williams | first=Yvette | title=Declaration of Yvette Williams | publisher=Free Mumia Coalition | date=January 28, 2002 | url=http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20020227mde01en.html | access-date=2008-01-22}}
44. ^{{cite web | last=Pate | first=Kenneth | title=Declaration of Kenneth Pate | publisher=Free Mumia Coalition | date=April 18, 2003 | url=http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20030510mde00en.html | access-date=2008-01-22}}
45. ^Amnesty International The Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Life in the Balance Seven Stories Press 2000 {{ISBN|158322081X}} p.25
46. ^{{cite journal |author=Lounsberry, Emilie|date=February 20, 2008|journal=The Philadelphia Inquirer|title=Pa. court rebuffs Abu-Jamal on bid for perjury hearing|page=B03}}
47. ^{{cite news | title =Abu-Jamal Loses His Final Appeal | publisher =Associated Press | date =April 4, 2012 | url=http://articles.philly.com/2012-04-04/news/31288151_1_mumia-abu-jamal-officer-daniel-faulkner-death-row-inmate | access-date=2012-07-16}}
48. ^{{cite web|title=Order of Judgment by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, Eastern District, in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v Mumia Abu-Jamal [J-44-2010]|date=March 26, 2012|url=http://www.pacourts.us/OpPosting/Supreme/out/J-44-2010pco.pdf|publisher=Supreme Court of Pennsylvania|access-date=2012-07-16|format=PDF}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
49. ^{{cite news | work=WPVI TV | title=Pa. Supreme Court rejects Mumia Abu-Jamal's last appeal | publisher=abclocal.go.com | date=April 3, 2012 | url=http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news/local&id=8606534 | access-date=2013-01-27}}
50. ^ , ABC News
51. ^https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2018-04-30/mumia-abu-jamal-in-court-seeking-path-to-again-appeal-case
52. ^https://6abc.com/court-hearing-held-in-mumia-abu-jamal-appeal-case/4576121/
53. ^https://whyy.org/articles/final-decision-on-mumia-abu-jamal-appeal-delayed-at-least-a-month/
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fox29.com/news/mumia-abu-jamal-in-court-thursday-seeking-new-appeal|title=Mumia Abu-Jamal appeal hearing gets 60-day continuance|first=|last=FOX|publisher=}}
55. ^{{cite web | last=Cook | first=William | title=Declaration of William Cook | publisher=Free Mumia Coalition | date=April 29, 2001 | url=http://www.freemumia.com/?page_id=217| access-date=December 1, 2011}}
56. ^{{cite web | last=Abu-Jamal | first=Mumia | title=Declaration of Mumia Abu-Jamal | publisher=Justice for Police Officer Daniel Faulkner| date=May 4, 2001 | url=http://www.danielfaulkner.com/original/testimony.html| access-date=December 1, 2011}}
57. ^{{cite news | title =Abu-Jamal's death sentence overturned | publisher =BBC News | date =December 18, 2001 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1718274.stm | access-date =2008-01-22}}
58. ^See p.70 of the July 2006 appeal brief for Abu-Jamal before the U.S. Court of Appeal, citing Yohn's ruling in the U.S. District Court, the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Supreme Court of the United States precedent of Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367 (1988)
59. ^{{cite web | author=Piette, Betsey | title =Mumia still waiting for due process | publisher =International Concerned Family and Friends of Mumia Abu-Jamal | date =March 6, 2003 | url =http://www.mumia2000.org/alerts/legalupdate3-03.html | access-date = 2008-01-22}}
60. ^{{cite news | last =Rimer | first =Sara | title =Death sentence overturned in 1981 killing of officer | publisher =The New York Times | date =December 19, 2001 | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9902E5DC123EF93AA25751C1A9679C8B63&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/A/Abu-Jamal,%20Mumia | access-date=2008-01-22}}
61. ^{{cite news|last=Lindorff |first=Dave |title=A victory for Mumia |publisher=Salon |date=December 8, 2005 |url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/12/08/mumia/index.html |access-date=2008-01-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211052710/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/12/08/mumia/index.html |archivedate=December 11, 2007 |df=}}
62. ^{{cite web|title=10 Facts about the Mumia Abu-Jamal Case|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/01/10-facts-about-the-mumia-abu-jamal-case/|publisher=The Feminist Wire}}
63. ^{{cite web | last=Duffy | first=Shannon P. | title=Spectators Pack Courtroom as 3rd Circuit Hears Appeal in Mumia Abu-Jamal Case | publisher=The Legal Intelligencer | date=May 18, 2007 | url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1179392702456 | access-date=2008-01-22}}
64. ^{{cite web | last=Maurer-Carter | first=Terri | title=Declaration of Terri Maurer-Carter | publisher=Free Mumia Coalition | date=August 21, 2001 | url=http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20010903mde02en.html | access-date=2008-01-22}}
65. ^{{cite journal | author= Conroy, Theresa | title=She's 'scared' by impact of her allegation – Says Mumia judge made a racist remark | journal=Philadelphia Daily News | date=September 4, 2001}}
66. ^{{cite web|title=Sur Petition for Rehearing Abu-Jamal v. Horn et al. |date=July 22, 2008 |url=http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/casesofinterest/mumia/019014o.pdf |publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit |access-date=2008-09-02 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912104929/http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/casesofinterest/mumia/019014o.pdf |archivedate=September 12, 2008 |df=}}
67. ^{{cite news | title=Supreme Court lets Mumia Abu-Jamal's conviction stand | publisher=CNN | date=April 6, 2009 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/04/06/mumia.supreme.court/ | access-date=2009-04-06}}
68. ^{{cite news | title=U.S. court sends back Abu-Jamal death penalty case | publisher=Reuters | date=January 19, 2010 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60I3GL20100119 | access-date=}}
69. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/08-652.htm |title=''Jeffrey A. Beard, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, et al. v. Mumia Abu-Jamal, case no. 01-9014'' |publisher=Supremecourt.gov |access-date=2011-12-01}}
70. ^{{cite web | last=Lindorff | first=Dave | title=Mumia: New Lawyer, New Round | publisher=Counterpunch.org | date=November 10, 2010 | url=http://www.counterpunch.org/lindorff11102010.html | access-date=2010-12-27 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116153848/http://www.counterpunch.org/lindorff11102010.html | archivedate=January 16, 2011 | df=mdy-all}}
71. ^Audio recording of oral arguments in Abu-Jamal v Beard before U.S. 3rd Circuit Court of Appeal at Philadelphia on 9 November 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408120300/http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/oralargument/audio/01-9014MumiaAbuJamalvBeardetal.wma |date=April 8, 2013}}
72. ^{{cite news |author=Dale, Maryclaire |title=Mumia Abu-Jamal Granted New Sentencing Hearing | publisher=NBC | date=April 26, 2011 | url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Mumia-Abu-Jamal-Granted-New-Sentencing-Hearing-120701049.html| access-date=December 1, 2011}}
73. ^{{cite news|title=Execution Case Dropped Against Abu-Jamal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/08/us/execution-case-dropped-against-convicted-cop-killer.html?action=click&contentCollection=Opinion&module=RelatedCoverage®ion=Marginalia&pgtype=article|website=nytimes.com|publisher=NY Times|access-date=2015-03-31|first=Timothy|last=Williams|date=December 7, 2011}}
74. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=143269635|archive-url=https://archive.is/20111209113004/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=143269635|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 9, 2011|title=Death Penalty Dropped Against Mumia Abu-Jamal|work=Associated Press|publisher=NPR|date=December 7, 2011}}
75. ^{{cite web|title=D.A.: Abu-Jamal can go rot in cell|url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-12-08/news/30490785_1_mumia-abu-jamal-maureen-faulkner-officer-daniel-Faulkner|publisher=philly.com|date=December 8, 2011}}
76. ^{{cite news |last=Williams|first=Timothy|title=Execution Case Dropped Against Abu-Jamal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/08/us/execution-case-dropped-against-convicted-cop-killer.html|access-date=December 7, 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=December 7, 2011}}
77. ^Decision of Appeal upon Judgment of Sentence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v Mumia Abu-Jamal, Superior Court of Pennsylvania (July 9, 2013)
78. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Maureen-Faulkers-Message-to-Mumia-Abu-Jamal-135175638.html |title=Widow's Message to Mumia Abu-Jamal|author= |date=December 7, 2011 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=April 16, 2015}}
79. ^{{cite journal | last=Abu-Jamal | first=Mumia | date=1991 | title=Teetering on the Brink: Between Death and Life | journal=Yale Law Journal | volume=100 | issue=4 | pages=993-1003 | issn=0044-0094 | url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol100/iss4/3}}
80. ^{{cite news | last=Carter | first=Kevin L | title=A voice of Death Row to be heard on NPR | publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer | date=May 16, 1994 | url=http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/5-16-94.htm | access-date=2008-01-22 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013145117/http://fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/5-16-94.htm | archivedate=October 13, 2007 | df=mdy-all}}
81. ^{{cite news | last=Carter | first=Kevin L | title=Inmate's broadcasts canceled | publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer | date=May 17, 1994 | url=http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/5-17-94.htm | access-date=2008-01-22 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013145122/http://fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/5-17-94.htm | archivedate=October 13, 2007 | df=mdy-all}}
82. ^{{cite news | title=Mumia Abu-Jamal Sues NPR, Claiming Censorship | publisher=Court TV | date=March 26, 1996 | url=http://www.courttv.com/archive/casefiles/mumia/npr.html | access-date=2008-01-22 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213201420/http://www.courttv.com/archive/casefiles/mumia/npr.html | archivedate=February 13, 2008 | df=mdy-all}}
83. ^{{Cite news | title = Judge Dismisses Inmate's Suit Against NPR | publisher = The Washington Post | date = August 22, 1997}}
84. ^{{cite news | title=Inmate's commentaries, dropped by NPR, will appear in print | publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer | date=March 6, 1995 | url=http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/3-6-95.htm | access-date=2008-01-22 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013145112/http://fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/3-6-95.htm | archivedate=October 13, 2007 | df=mdy-all}}
85. ^¹[https://www.themarshallproject.org/2014/11/24/do-convicted-killers-deserve-free-speech Beth Schwartzapfel"Do Convicted Killers Deserve Free Speech?"], The Marshall Project, 24 November 2014; accessed 15 August 2018
86. ^{{cite press release | title=Mumia Abu-Jamal to Speak at College Graduation Ceremonies | publisher=Peter Bohmer of Evergreen State College, Washington | date=May 26, 1999 | url=http://academic.evergreen.edu/b/bohmerp/znetmay99.htm | access-date=2008-01-22}}
87. ^{{cite web | last=Reynolds | first=Mark | title=Whatever Happened to Mumia Abu-Jamal? | publisher=PopMatters | date=June 2, 2004 | url=http://www.popmatters.com/columns/reynolds/040602.shtml | access-date=2008-01-22}}
88. ^{{cite web | title=Honorary Degrees | publisher=New College of California School of Law | url=http://www.newcollege.edu/law/honorary_degrees.cfm | access-date=2008-01-22| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062033/http://www.newcollege.edu/law/honorary_degrees.cfm| archivedate = September 28, 2007}}
89. ^{{cite web | title=Mumia Abu-Jamal to Give Commencement Speech at Goddard College | url=http://www.goddard.edu/news-events/press-releases/mumia-abu-jamal-give-commencement-speech-goddard-college | access-date=2014-10-11}}
90. ^{{cite web | title=Why a commencement speaker at Goddard College is fueling national headlines | url=http://www.wcax.com/story/26681147/why-a-commencement-speaker-at-goddard-college-is-fueling-national-headlines | access-date=2014-10-11 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015132137/http://www.wcax.com/story/26681147/why-a-commencement-speaker-at-goddard-college-is-fueling-national-headlines | archivedate=October 15, 2014 | df=mdy-all}}
91. ^{{cite web |last=Abu-Jamal |first=Mumia |title=Mumia Abu-Jamal's Radio Broadcasts – essay transcripts and archived mp3 |publisher=PrisonRadio.org |url=http://www.PrisonRadio.org/mumia.htm |access-date=2008-01-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027080503/http://www.prisonradio.org/mumia.htm |archivedate=October 27, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy}}
92. ^Justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806130249/http://www.henrygeorge.org/mumia.htm|date=August 6, 2007}}
93. ^{{cite journal | author=United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit | title=Opinion in Mumia Abu-Jamal v. James Price, Martin Horn, and Thomas Fulcomer, No. 96-3756 | publisher=Villanova University School of Law | date=August 25, 1998 | url=http://vls.law.vill.edu/locator/3d/Aug1998/98a1947p.txt | format=txt | access-date=2008-01-22 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221231850/http://vls.law.vill.edu/locator/3d/Aug1998/98a1947p.txt | archivedate=February 21, 2008 | df=mdy-all}}
94. ^Burroughs, Todd Steven (2009) "Abu-Jamal, Mumia" in Encyclopedia of African American History, volume 1, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-516779-5}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6 page 6]
95. ^{{cite web | last=Kummer| first=Frank | title=Abu-Jamal moved into general prison population for first time| publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer|url=http://articles.philly.com/2012-01-29/news/30676223_1_abu-jamal-supporters-mumia-abu-jamal-abu-jamal-in-recent-appeals|date=January 29, 2012|access-date=2012-04-26}}
96. ^{{Cite web|title = Mumia Abu-Jamal files suit over prison's refusal to provide medical care {{!}} Free Mumia|url = http://www.freemumia.com/2015/08/mumia-abu-jamal-files-suit-over-prisons-refusal-to-provide-medical-care/|website = www.freemumia.com|access-date = 2015-09-19}}
97. ^[https://abolitionistlawcenter.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/abu-jamal-v-kerestes-et-al-amended-complaint.pdf Abolitionist Law Center]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
98. ^{{cite press release | title=San Francisco ILWU Local 10 Executive Board Resolution – Support for April 24, 1999 demonstrations in favor of the cause of Mumia Abu-Jamal (also describing support of other named labor union groups) | publisher=International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) | date=February 9, 1999 | url=http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/8425/unionmumia.htm | access-date=2008-01-22 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/8425/unionmumia.htm&date=2009-10-25+16:55:22 | archivedate=October 25, 2009 | deadurl=yes | df=mdy-all}}
99. ^{{cite press release | title=Service Employees International Union (SEIU) voted without dissent to demand justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal | publisher =International Convention of the SEIU | year =1999 | url=http://www.iacenter.org/polprisoners/maj_seiu.htm | access-date=2008-01-22}}
100. ^{{cite press release | title=Formal resolution "support(ing) a new, fair trial for activist Mumia Abu-Jamal" | publisher=American Postal Workers Union (APWU) | date=July 26, 2000 | url=http://www.apwu.org/news/nsb/2000/nsb13-conv03-2000-072600.htm | access-date=2007-10-18}}
101. ^{{cite journal | author=Elijah, Jill Soffiyah | title=Brief of Amici Curiae National Lawyers Guild, National Conference of Black Lawyers, International Association of Democratic Lawyers et al. in support of Mumia Abu-Jamal in the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit | publisher=National Lawyers Guild | date=July 26, 2006 | url=http://awesome.nlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/mumia_final.pdf | format=PDF | access-date=2011-02-15 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726162313/http://awesome.nlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/mumia_final.pdf | archivedate=July 26, 2011 | df=mdy-all}}
102. ^{{cite web | title=Educators for Mumia Abu-Jamal website | publisher=Educators for Mumia Abu-Jamal | url=http://www.emajonline.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709074933/http://www.emajonline.com/ | dead-url=yes | archive-date=2007-07-09 | access-date=2008-01-22 }}
103. ^{{cite journal | author=Human Rights Watch | title=United States 1996 country report – citing advocacy on behalf of Mumia Abu-Jamal to the Governor of Pennsylvania and the Superintendent of Waynesburg State Correctional Institution in 1995 | version=From World Report 1996 | publisher=Human Rights Watch | year=1996 | url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/WR96/Back.htm | access-date=2008-01-22}}
104. ^¹{{cite web | title=59th Republican Ward Executive Committee Files Criminal Charges Against Cities of Paris and Suburb for 'Glorifying' Infamous Philadelphia Cop-Killer | publisher=59th Republican Ward Executive Committee – City of Philadelphia | date=December 11, 2006 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011555/http://www.politicspa.com/pressreleasedetailed.asp?id=7501 | access-date=2008-10-26 |url=http://www.politicspa.com/pressreleasedetailed.asp?id=7501 |archivedate=September 28, 2007}}
105. ^{{cite web|title=The Danny Faulkner Story – Related Information |publisher=Fraternal Order of Police |url=http://www.fop.net/causes/faulkner/info.shtml |access-date=2008-01-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218191439/http://www.fop.net/causes/faulkner/info.shtml |archivedate=December 18, 2007 |df=}}
106. ^{{cite press release | title=FOP attacks supporters of convicted cop killer | publisher=Fraternal Order of Police | date=August 11, 1999 | url=http://www.fop.net/servlet/display/news_article?id=177&XSL=xsl_pages%2fpublic_news_individual.xsl | access-date=2008-01-22 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012094209/http://www.fop.net/servlet/display/news_article?id=177&XSL=xsl_pages%2Fpublic_news_individual.xsl | archivedate=October 12, 2007 | df=mdy-all}}
107. ^¹²{{cite book|work=Google Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J92_gTAcjosC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=O'Connor, J. Patrick|title=The Framing of Mumia Abu-Jamal|pages=54–55, 199}}
108. ^¹²³{{cite news|last=Ceïbe |first=Cathy |others=Patrick Bolland (translator) |title=USA Sues Paris: From Death Row, Mumia Stirs Up More Controversy |publisher=L'Humanité |date=November 13, 2006 |url=http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/article423.html |access-date=2008-01-22 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hLh6Qh1I?url=http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/article423.html |archivedate=June 7, 2009 |deadurl=no |df=mdy}}
109. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.erich-muehsam-gesellschaft.de/?cat=empreis |title=Chief page for the prize at the Web site of the Erich Mühsam Society (in German) |publisher=Erich-muehsam-gesellschaft.de |access-date=2011-12-01}}
110. ^{{cite news | title=With United Power Forward | publisher=Junge Welt | date=October 7, 2002 | url=http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20021031mde00de.html | access-date=2011-02-15 | language=German}}.
111. ^{{cite news | last=Simons | first=Stefan | title=Paris Street for Mumia Abu-Jamal Sparks Trans-Atlantic Row | publisher=Der Spiegel | date=June 29, 2006 | url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,423872,00.html | access-date=2008-01-22}}
112. ^{{cite web | title=HR 407, 109th U.S. Congress | publisher=GovTrack.us | date=May 19, 2006 | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=hc109-407 | access-date=2008-01-22}}
113. ^{{cite web | title=SR 102, 109th U.S. Congress |publisher=GovTrack.us | date =June 15, 2006 | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=sc109-102 | access-date=2008-01-22}}
114. ^{{cite web | title=HR 1082, 109th U.S. Congress | publisher=GovTrack.us | date=December 6, 2006 | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=hr109-1082 | access-date=2008-01-22}}
115. ^{{cite web | title=Justice For Daniel Faulkner T-Shirts | publisher=danielfaulkner.com | url=http://www.danielfaulkner.com/original/Tshirt.html | access-date=2008-01-22 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218030932/http://www.danielfaulkner.com/original/Tshirt.html | archivedate=February 18, 2008 | df=mdy-all}}
116. ^{{cite web|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/22129850/ns/today-today_people/t/officers-widow-speaks-out-mumia-case/|title=Officer's widow speaks out on Mumia case|first=Mike|last=Celizic|work=Today|publisher=MSNBC|date=December 6, 2007|access-date=July 18, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003081101/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/22129850/ns/today-today_people/t/officers-widow-speaks-out-mumia-case/|archivedate=October 3, 2012|df=mdy-all}}
117. ^{{cite book |isbn=1-59921-376-1|title=Murdered by Mumia: A Life Sentence of Loss, Pain, and Injustice|first1=Maureen|last1=Faulkner|first2=Michael A.|last2=Smerconish|publisher=Lyons Press|year=2007}}
118. ^{{cite news|last=Weisman|first=Jonathan|title=Senate Rejects Obama Nominee Linked to Abu-Jamal Case|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/06/us/politics/senate-rejects-obama-nominee-linked-to-abu-jamal-case.html?hp|publisher=New York Times|access-date=March 5, 2014|date=March 5, 2014}}
119. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/nj-teacher-3rd-grade-class-write-convicted-killer-article-1.2181479 |title=New Jersey teacher suspended after third-graders write get-well cards to convicted cop killer Mumia Abu-Jamal |author=Rachelle Blidner |date=April 11, 2015 |website=nydailynews.com |publisher=New York Daily News |access-date=May 12, 2015}}
120. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/donna-nevel/putting-our-children-firs_b_7108800.html |title=Putting Our Children First: Teacher Marilyn Zuniga Should Be Back in Her Classroom |author=Donna Nevel |date=April 22, 2015 |website=huffingtonpost.com |publisher=The Huffington Post |access-date=May 12, 2015}}
121. ^{{cite letter |first1= |last2= |recipient=Dwayne D. Warren, Esq., Mayor of Orange, New Jersey, Ronald Lee, Patricia A. Arthur, Jeffrey Wingfield, Abdul Shabazz Ashanti, E. Lydell Carter, Paula Desormes, Marion Graves-Jackson and Cristina Mateo |subject=Scholars and Educators in Support of Marylin Zuniga |language=English |date=May 12, 2015 |url=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1ktO2D3Vu0dbrJS9jfLH9bH5zIU4ppH74tGTxMn9vrzU/viewform |access-date=May 12, 2015 |author-mask= |ref=}}
122. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2015/05/nj_teacher_fired_over_students_get_well_letters_to.html |title=N.J. teacher fired over students' 'get well' letters to convicted cop killer |author=Bill Wichert |date=May 13, 2015 |website= |publisher=NJ.com |access-date=May 14, 2015}}
123. ^{{cite web|title=Frame by Frame III: A Filmography of the African Diaspora Image, 1994–2004|publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2007|editor= Audrey T. McCluskey |page=510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5qmplifVDIC&lpg=PA510&ots=j0w1ItmVq-&dq=%22Mumia%20Abu-Jamal%3A%20A%20Case%20For%20Reasonable%20Doubt%3F%22%20Otmoor%20Productions%20-wiki&pg=PA510#v=onepage&q&f=false}}