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词条 Umm az-Zinat
释义

  1. History

     Ottoman era  British Mandate era  1948, aftermath 

  2. References

  3. Bibliography

  4. External links

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Umm az Zinat
| native_name = أُم الزينات
| native_name_lang = ar
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology = the place of ornamentation or of festivals[1]
| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|32|38|50|N|35|03|47.8|E|type:city_region:IL|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = Palestine grid
| grid_position = 156/228
| subdivision_type = Geopolitical entity
| subdivision_name = Mandatory Palestine
| subdivision_type1 = Subdistrict
| subdivision_name1 = Haifa
| established_title1 = Date of depopulation
| established_date1 = May 1948[2]
| established_title2 = Repopulated dates
| area_footnotes = [3]
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_total_dunam = 22,156
| population_as_of = 1945
| population_total = 1,470[3][4]
| blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1 = Fear of being caught up in the fighting
| blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1 = Eliakim[5][6]
}}

Umm az-Zinat ({{lang-ar|أُم الزينات}}, Umm ez Zînât) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Haifa Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1948 War on May 15, 1948 by Golani Brigade's Fourth Battalion. It was located 20.5 km southeast of Haifa.

History

Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.[7]

Several rock cut tombs were found south and south west of the village. They have been dated to the Christian era.[8]

Ottoman era

In 1859, the English Consul Rogers stated that the population was 350 souls, with 25 feddans of cultivation.[9]

In 1870, Victor Guérin found the village to have four hundred and fifty inhabitants. Some gardens were surrounded by a cactus. The medhafeh, or guest house, also served as a mosque.[10]

In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described the village as: "A good-sized village on a saddle, built principally of stone, with a well on the south. This seems to be an ancient site, having many well-cut rock-tombs."[9]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Umm ez-Zeinat had about 750 inhabitants; all Muslims.[11]

Umm al-Zinat had an elementary school for boys which was founded by the Ottomans in 1888.

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine Umm al-Zainat had a population of 787; 782 Muslims and 5 Christians,[12] where the Christians were all Melkite.[13] This had increased in the 1931 census to 1,020 Muslims and 9 Christians, in a total of 209 houses.[14]

In the 1945 statistics, the village had a population of 1,470; 1,450 Muslims and 20 Christians,[3] with a total of 22,156 dunams of land.[4] Of this, 1,742 dunums of land were for plantations and irrigable land, 9,879 for cereals,[15] while 69 dunams were classified as built-up land.[16]

1948, aftermath

Umm az-Zinat became depopulated in May 1948.[2] In early May, it was reported that the women and children of Umm az-Zinat had been evacuated.[17]

The Golani Brigade took the village on 15 May, 1948, and expelled the remaining villagers. In August 1948 Israeli troops returned, with orders to kill any males and expel any females they found in the village. At least 2 Palestinian men were killed, and a number of females were expelled.[18][19][20]

In 1949 Eliakim was established, just south of the village site.[6]

In 1992 the village site was described: "The houses have been reduced to rubble, piles of which are scattered over the site. The site itself is overgrown with thorns, bushes, cactuses, and pomegranate and fig trees. There is also a small forest on part of the site. The village's cemetery is still visible. Part of the surrounding land is used by Israeli farmers as cattle pasture and is planted with fruit and olive trees."[6]

References

1. ^Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/155/mode/1up 155]
2. ^1 Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR18 xviii], village #164. Also gives cause of depopulation.
3. ^1 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 15
4. ^1 2 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
5. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR22 xxii], settlement #117
6. ^1 2 Khalidi, 1992, p. 200
7. ^Dauphin, 1998, p. 694
8. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/71/mode/1up 71]-72
9. ^1 Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/43/mode/1up 43]
10. ^Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n269/mode/2up 244-245], [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n323/mode/2up 299]
11. ^Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n203/mode/1up 178]
12. ^Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n35/mode/1up 33]
13. ^Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n51/mode/1up 49]
14. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 97]
15. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 92
16. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 142
17. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA175 175], note #67, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA268 268]
18. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA244 244], notes #618-622, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA297 297]
19. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA299 299]
20. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA444 444], note #192, p.[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA460 460]

Bibliography

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922|url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=2}}
  • {{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
  • {{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = Claudine | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =French|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}}
  • {{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2|year=1875|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
  • {{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
  • {{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last=Khalidi|authorlink=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
  • {{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
  • {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=B.|last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
  • Mülinen, Egbert Friedrich von 1908, [https://archive.org/details/beitrgezurkennt00mlgoog Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Karmels] "Separateabdruck aus der Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palëstina-Vereins Band XXX (1907) Seite 117-207 und Band XXXI (1908) Seite 1-258." Umm ez-Zeinat: p.[https://archive.org/stream/beitrgezurkennt00mlgoog#page/n196/mode/2up 353] ff.
  • {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund}}
  • {{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first =G.| authorlink = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url =https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888}}
{{refend}}

External links

  • Welcome To Umm al-Zinat
  • Umm al-Zinat, Zochrot
  • Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons
  • Umm al-Zinat from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
  • Um Al-Zinat, from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
  • Umm Zinat, from Zochrot
  • Sixth Procession of Return by ADRID in Umm a-Zinat, 2003
  • Ninth Procession of Return to Um a-Zinat, 2006
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Umm Al-Zinat}}

2 : Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War|District of Haifa
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