“Murder of Stephen Lawrence”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

After the initial investigation, five suspects were arrested but not charged.^[2] It was suggested during the investigation that Lawrence was killed because he was black, and that the handling of the case by the police and Crown Prosecution Service was affected by issues of race. A 1998 public inquiry,^[3] headed by Sir William Macpherson, examined the original Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) investigation and concluded that the force was institutionally racist. It also recommended that the double jeopardy rule should be repealed in murder cases to allow a retrial upon new and compelling evidence: this was effected in 2005 upon enactment of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The publication in 1999 of the resulting Macpherson Report has been called "one of the most important moments in the modern history of criminal justice in Britain".^[4] Jack Straw, Home Secretary from 1997 to 2001, commented in 2012 that ordering the inquiry was "the single most important decision I made as Home Secretary".^[5] In 2010 the case was said to be "one of the highest-profile unsolved racially motivated murders".^[6]

On 18 May 2011, after a further review,^[7] it was announced that two of the original suspects, Gary Dobson and David Norris, were to stand trial for the murder in the light of new evidence.^[8] At the same time it was disclosed that Dobson's original acquittal had been quashed by the Court of Appeal, allowing a retrial to take place.^[9] Such an appeal had only become possible following the 2005 change in the law, although Dobson was not the first person to be retried for murder as a result.^[10] On 3 January 2012, Dobson and Norris were found guilty of Lawrence's murder;^[11] the pair were juveniles at the time of the crime and were sentenced to detention at Her Majesty's pleasure, equivalent to a life sentence for an adult,^[12] with minimum terms of 15 years 2 months and 14 years 3 months respectively^[13] for what the judge described as a "terrible and evil crime".^[14]

In the years after Dobson and Norris were sentenced, the case regained prominence when concerns of corrupt police conduct during the original case handling surfaced in the media. Such claims had surfaced before, and been investigated in 2006, but were reignited in 2013 when a former undercover police officer stated in an interview that, at the time, he had been pressured to find ways to "smear" and discredit the victim's family, in order to mute and deter public campaigning for better police responses to the case. Although further inquiries in 2012 by both Scotland Yard and the Independent Police Complaints Commission had ruled that there was no basis for further investigation, Home Secretary Theresa May ordered an independent inquiry by a prominent QC into undercover policing and corruption, which was described as "devastating" when published in 2014. An inquiry into whether members of the police force shielded the alleged killers was set up in October 2015.

Stephen Lawrence

Stephen Lawrence was born in Greenwich on 13 September 1974 to Jamaican parents who had emigrated to the UK in the 1960s. His father is Neville Lawrence, then a carpenter, and his mother is Doreen, then a special needs teacher.^[15] Brought up in Plumstead, South-East London, he was the eldest of three children, the others being Stuart (born 1976) and Georgina (born 1982).^[17]^[18] During his teenage years, Lawrence excelled in running, competing for the local Cambridge Harriers athletics club, and appeared as an extra in Denzel Washington's film For Queen and Country.^[19] At the time of his death he was studying technology and physics at the Blackheath Bluecoat School and English language and literature at Woolwich College, and was hoping to become an architect.^[20]

Murder

Lawrence had spent the day of Thursday 22 April 1993 at Blackheath Bluecoat School.^[21] After school, he went to Lewisham to look around shops. After this, he travelled by bus to an uncle's house in Grove Park. He was joined there by Duwayne Brooks, and they played video games until leaving at around 10:00 pm.^[21]^[22] After realising that the 286 bus on which they were travelling would get them home late, they decided to change for either bus routes 161 or 122 on Well Hall Road.^[21]

Lawrence and Brooks arrived at the bus stop on Well Hall Road at 10:25 pm.^[22] He walked along Well Hall Road to the junction of Dickson Road to see if he could see a bus coming and then went back towards the bus stop.^[23] Brooks was still on Well Hall Road, part way between Dickson Road and the roundabout with Rochester Way and Westhorne Avenue.^[23]

At this point, Brooks saw a group of five or six white youths crossing over Rochester Way on the opposite side of the street near the area of the zebra crossing and moving towards them.^[23] At or just after 10:38 pm, he called out to ask whether Lawrence saw the bus coming. Brooks claimed that he heard one of Lawrence's assailants saying "What, what, nigger?"^[23] as they all quickly crossed the road and "engulfed" Lawrence.

The attackers forced Lawrence down and stabbed him to a depth of about {{convert|5|in|cm|0}} on both sides of the front of his body, in the right collarbone and left shoulder. Both wounds severed axillary arteries before penetrating a lung. Lawrence lost all feeling in his right arm and his breathing was constricted, while he was losing blood from four major blood vessels. Brooks began running, and shouted for Lawrence to run to escape with him. While the attackers disappeared down Dickson Road, they both ran in the direction of Shooters Hill, though Lawrence collapsed and bled to death after running {{convert|130|yd|m}}.^[23]^[24]^[25]

Brooks ran to call an ambulance while an off-duty police officer stopped his car and covered Lawrence with a blanket. Lawrence was taken to Brook General Hospital by 11:05 pm, but he was already dead.^[23]^[26]

Trials

Witnesses

All three witnesses at the bus stop at the time of the attack said in statements that the attack was sudden and short, although none was later able to identify the suspects.^[21] In the days following Lawrence's murder, several residents came forward to provide names of suspects and an anonymous note was left on a police car windscreen and in a telephone box naming a local gang^[27] as the five main suspects.^[28] The suspects were Gary Dobson, brothers Neil and Jamie Acourt, Luke Knight and David Norris.^[28] In February 1999, officers investigating the handling of the initial inquiry revealed that a woman who might have been a vital witness had telephoned detectives three times within the first few days after the killing, and appealed for her to contact them again.^[29] The five suspects were previously involved in racist knife attacks around the Eltham area.^[30] Four weeks before Lawrence's death, Dobson and Neil Acourt were involved in a racist attack on a black teenager, Kevin London, whom they verbally abused and attempted to stab.^[31] Neil's brother Jamie was accused of stabbing teenagers Darren Witham in May 1992 and Darren Giles in 1994, causing Giles to have a heart attack.^[32] The stabbings of victims Gurdeep Bhangal and Stacey Benefield, which both occurred in March 1993, in Eltham, were also linked to Neil and Jamie Acourt, David Norris and Gary Dobson.^[33]^[34]

Initial investigations, arrests and prosecutions

Within three days of the crime, prime suspects had been identified. No arrests were made, however, until over two weeks after the killing. Detective Superintendent Brian Weeden, the officer who had been leading the murder investigation from its third day, and who would ultimately lead the murder squad for 14 months, explained to an incredulous public inquiry in 1998 that part of the reason no arrests had taken place by the fourth day after the killing (Monday 26 April) was that he had not known the law allowed arrest upon reasonable suspicion – a basic point of criminal law.^[35]^[50]

On 7 May 1993, the Acourt brothers and Dobson were arrested. Norris turned himself in to police and was likewise arrested three days later. Knight was arrested on 3 June. Neil Acourt, picked out at an identity parade, and Luke Knight were charged with murder on 13 May and 23 June 1993 respectively, but the charges were dropped on 29 July 1993, the Crown Prosecution Service citing insufficient evidence.^[36]

An internal review was opened in August 1993 by the Metropolitan Police. On 16 April 1994, the Crown Prosecution Service stated they did not have sufficient evidence for murder charges against anyone else, despite a belief by the Lawrence family that new evidence had been found.^[35]

Private prosecution

In April 1994,^[37] Lawrence's family initiated a private prosecution against the initial two suspects and three others: Jamie Acourt, Gary Dobson and David Norris. The family were not entitled to legal aid and a fighting fund was established to pay for the analysis of forensic evidence and the cost of tracing and re-interviewing witnesses. The family were represented by counsel Michael Mansfield QC, Martin Soorjoo and Margo Boye who worked pro bono.^[38] The charges against Jamie Acourt and David Norris were dropped before the trial for lack of evidence. On 23 April 1996, the three remaining suspects were acquitted of murder by a jury at the Central Criminal Court, after the trial judge, the Honourable Mr Justice Curtis, ruled that the identification evidence given by Duwayne Brooks was unreliable.^[4] The Macpherson report endorsed the judgement, stating that "Mr Justice Curtis could [have] properly reach[ed] only one conclusion" and that "[t]here simply was no satisfactory evidence available".^[3]

Subsequent events (1994–2010)

An inquest into the death of Lawrence was held in February 1997. The five suspects refused to answer any questions, claiming privilege against self-incrimination.^[40] The inquest concluded on 13 February 1997, with the jury returning a verdict after 30 minutes' deliberation of unlawful killing "in a completely unprovoked racist attack by five white youths"; this finding went beyond the bounds of their instructions.^[41] On 14 February 1997, the Daily Mail newspaper labelled all five suspects "murderers". The headline read, "Murderers: The Mail accuses these men of killing. If we are wrong, let them sue us." Underneath this headline appeared pictures of the five suspects: Dobson, Neil and Jamie Acourt, Knight, and Norris.^[42]^[43] None of the men ever sued for defamation and strong public opinions rose against the accused and the police who handled the case.^[44]

In July 1997 an inquiry was ordered by the Home Secretary to identify matters related to the killing, known as the Macpherson Report, which was completed in February 1999 (see below). In 2002, David Norris and Neil Acourt were convicted and jailed for racially aggravated harassment after an incident involving a plain-clothes black police officer.^[45]

In 2005 the law was changed. As part of the findings on the Lawrence case, the Macpherson Report had recommended that the rule against double jeopardy (the common law rule that once acquitted an accused person could not be tried a second time for the same crime) should be repealed in murder cases, and that it should be possible to subject an acquitted murder suspect to a second trial if "fresh and viable" new evidence later came to light. The Law Commission later added its support to this in its report "Double Jeopardy and Prosecution Appeals" (2001). A parallel report into the criminal justice system by Lord Justice Auld, a former senior presiding judge for England and Wales, had also commenced in 1999 and was published as the Auld Report 6 months after the Law Commission report. It opined that the Law Commission had been unduly cautious by limiting the scope to murder and that "the exceptions should [...] extend to other grave offences punishable with life and/or long terms of imprisonment as Parliament might specify."^[46]

These recommendations were implemented within the Criminal Justice Act 2003,^[47] and this provision came into force in April 2005.^[48] It opened murder and certain other serious crimes (including manslaughter, kidnapping, rape, armed robbery, and some drug crimes) to a second prosecution, regardless of when committed, with two conditions – the retrial must be approved by the Director of Public Prosecutions, and the Court of Appeal must agree to quash the original acquittal because of new and compelling evidence.^[49]

Between the Lawrence murder and early 2010, Dobson was arrested or charged a number of times for offences such as theft and burglary. Some of these charges were dropped, at least one resulted in a small fine. None led to imprisonment.^[50] On 27 July 2006, the Daily Mail repeated its now famous "Murderers" front page. In July 2010, Gary Dobson was jailed for five years for possessing and supplying 49 kg of class B drugs with a street value of around £350,000^[50] (approximately US$550,000^[51]). At the time of Dobson's sentencing for drug dealing, The Independent described the Lawrence killing – despite it having happened more than 17 years previously – as "one of the highest-profile unsolved racially motivated murders".^[6]

Cold case review and new evidence

In June 2006, a cold case review commenced, involving a full re-examination of the forensic evidence.^[7]^[8] Initially this was held in secrecy and not publicised;^[53] however, in November 2007, police confirmed they were investigating new scientific evidence.^[53]

The police unit manager involved in the matter commented that the new evidence was only found because of scientific developments and developments in forensic approaches that had taken place since 1996 which allowed microscopic blood stains and hair fragments to be analysed for DNA and other microscopic evidence to be found and used forensically.^[56]

2011–2012 trial

Gary Dobson and David Norris were arrested and charged without publicity on 8 September 2010^[8] and on 23 October 2010 the Director of Public Prosecutions, Keir Starmer QC, applied to the Court of Appeal for Dobson's original acquittal to be quashed.^[9] Dobson was in prison at the time for drug dealing.^[50] Norris had not been previously acquitted, so no application was necessary in his case. For legal reasons – to protect the investigation and ensure a fair hearing – reporting restrictions were put in place at the commencement of these proceedings; the arrests and subsequent developments were not publicly reported at the time.^[9]

Dobson's acquittal was quashed following a two-day hearing on 11 and 12 April 2011, enabling his retrial.^[58] On 18 May 2011, the Court of Appeal handed down its judgment and the reporting restrictions were partially lifted.^[9] It was announced by the Crown Prosecution Service that the two would face trial for Lawrence's murder in light of "new and substantial evidence".^[8] The judgment of the court stated that "[i]f reliable, the new scientific evidence would place Dobson in very close proximity indeed to Stephen Lawrence at the moment of and in the immediate aftermath of the attack, proximity, moreover, for which no innocent explanation can be discerned".^[58] The ruling also emphasised that this was to be "a new trial of a defendant who, we repeat, is presumed in law to be innocent," and suggested a cautious and fact-based reporting style to avoid contempt of court or risk of prejudice to the future trial.^[58]

A jury was selected on 14 November 2011,^[59] and the trial, presided over by Mr Justice Treacy, began the next day at the Central Criminal Court.^[60]^[61] With the prosecution led by Mark Ellison QC, the case centred on the new forensic evidence and whether it demonstrated the defendant's involvement in the murder, or was the result of later contamination due to police handling.^[54]^[55] On 3 January 2012, Dobson and Norris were found guilty of Lawrence's murder.^[11] The two were sentenced on 4 January 2012 to detention at Her Majesty's Pleasure, equivalent to a life sentence for an adult,^[12] with minimum terms of 15 years and 2 months for Dobson and 14 years and 3 months for Norris.^[14]^[62] Time spent on remand by Dobson was not deducted from his minimum term to ensure his existing sentence for drug-related offences was served.^[12] The judge's sentencing remarks were later published in full online.^[12]

The judge stated that the sentences reflected the fact that Dobson and Norris were juveniles (Dobson 17, and Norris 16^[63]) at the time of the offence, which took place before the Criminal Justice Act 2003; the starting point for the minimum term was therefore 12 years. The judge acknowledged this was "lower than some might expect".^[12]^[64] A similar crime committed in 2011 as an adult would have justified a minimum sentence of 30 years.^[12]^[65] (This is occasionally misreported as 25 years, the starting point for "bringing and using a weapon";^[65]^[66] murder with racial motive incurs a higher 30-year starting point.^[65])

Immediate aftermath of trial

Following the 2012 convictions, Paul Dacre, Daily Mail editor since 1992, issued a comment on his 1997 headline decision.^[67]^[68]

Others have argued that, in writing the above, Dacre was overselling his involvement in what had finally been achieved. For instance, an article in the February 2012 edition of the Socialist Review stated:^[69]

Appeals

On 5 January 2012, it was reported that the Attorney General was reviewing the minimum terms at the request of a member of the public, to determine whether he believed them to be "unduly lenient", and if so whether to apply to the Court of Appeal for an increase in the minimum terms.^[70] Juvenile minimum life sentences in a 2000 review (i.e. before the 2003 act passed into law) varied from a "most common" minimum of 10 years to a maximum of 20, placing Dobson and Norris in the middle of that range.^[70] On 1 February 2012, the Attorney General announced that he would not be referring the sentences to the Court of Appeal, as he believed that "the minimum terms [were] ... within the appropriate range of sentences".^[71]

On 30 January 2012, it emerged that Norris and Dobson were seeking leave from the Court of Appeal to appeal against their convictions.^[72]

On 23 August 2012, it was reported that Norris and Dobson had lost the first round of their appeal.^[73] On 15 March 2013, it was announced that Gary Dobson had dropped his appeal against his murder conviction.^[74]

Other inquiries and investigations

The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (published as "The Macpherson report")

On 31 July 1997, the Home Secretary Jack Straw ordered a public inquiry, to be conducted by Sir William Macpherson and officially titled "The Inquiry Into The Matters Arising From The Death of Stephen Lawrence".^[75] Its report, produced in February 1999, estimated that it had taken "more than 100,000 pages of reports, statements, and other written or printed documents"^[76] and concluded that the original Metropolitan Police Service investigation had been incompetent and that officers had committed fundamental errors, including: failing to give first aid when they reached the scene; failing to follow obvious leads during their investigation; and failing to arrest suspects. The report found that there had been a failure of leadership by senior MPS officers and that recommendations of the 1981 Scarman Report, compiled following race-related riots in Brixton and Toxteth, had been ignored.^[3]

Detective Superintendent Brian Weeden said during the inquiry that mistakes had been made in the murder investigation, including his own ignorance that he could have arrested the suspects four days after the killing simply on reasonable suspicion, a basic point of criminal law.^[35]^[37]

The report also found that the Metropolitan Police was institutionally racist. A total of 70 recommendations for reform, covering both policing and criminal law, were made. These proposals included abolishing the double jeopardy rule and criminalising racist statements made in private. Macpherson also called for reform in the British Civil Service, local governments, the National Health Service, schools, and the judicial system, to address issues of institutional racism.^[77]

The report was criticised at the time by Michael Gove (later Secretary of State for Education and Lord Chancellor) in The Times, who said, "The tendentious reasoning and illiberal recommendations of that document have been brilliantly anatomised by the ethical socialists Norman Dennis and George Erdos and the Kurdish academic Ahmed al-Shahi in the Civitas pamphlet Racist Murder and Pressure Group Politics."{{Clarify|A summary of the key points made in that pamphlet would be appropriate, please|date=January 2018}}^[78]

Public complaints about mishandling of case

In 1997, Lawrence's family registered a formal complaint with the Police Complaints Authority (PCA), which in 1999 exonerated the officers who had worked on the case of allegations of racism. Only one officer, Detective Inspector Ben Bullock, was ordered to face disciplinary charges for neglect of duty. Bullock, who was second in command of the investigation, was later found guilty of failure to properly brief officers and failure to fully investigate an anonymous letter sent to police, but he was acquitted of 11 other charges. Four other officers who would have been charged as a result of the inquiry retired before it concluded.

Bullock retired the day after his punishment was announced, so that it amounted to a mere caution. Neville Lawrence, Stephen's father, criticised the punishment, saying that Bullock was "guilty on all counts." However, a spokesperson for the Metropolitan Police Federation stated that Bullock had been "largely vindicated" in the proceedings.^[79]

On 10 March 2006, the Metropolitan Police Service announced that it would pay Duwayne Brooks £100,000 as compensation for the manner in which police had handled his complaints about their actions toward him after the murder.^[80]^[81]{{clarify|date=January 2012}}

Concerns and inquiries of alleged police corruption and undercover officer conduct

Investigation into police corruption (2006)

On 25 July 2006, the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) announced that it had asked the Metropolitan Police to look into alleged claims of police corruption that may have helped hide the killers of Lawrence.

A BBC investigation alleged that the murder inquiry's Det. Sgt. John Davidson had taken money from known drug smuggler Clifford Norris, the father of David Norris, a chief suspect in the investigation.^[82] Neil Putnam, a former corrupt police detective turned whistleblower, told a BBC investigation that Clifford Norris was paying Davidson to obstruct the case and to protect the suspects. "Davidson told me that he was looking after Norris and that to me meant that he was protecting him, protecting his family against arrest and any conviction," Putnam said.^[82] Davidson denied any such corruption.

The Metropolitan Police Service announced that it was to open up a special incident room to field calls from the public, following the BBC documentary The Boys Who Killed Stephen Lawrence. The Independent Police Complaints Commission later stated that the claims made in the programme were unfounded.^[83]

On 17 December 2009, Independent Police Complaints Commission investigators and officers from the Metropolitan Police's directorate of professional standards arrested a former police constable and a serving member of Metropolitan Police staff on suspicion of attempting to pervert the course of justice by allegedly withholding evidence from the original murder inquiry, the Kent investigation and the Macpherson inquiry. Dr Richard Stone, who sat on the Macpherson inquiry, commented that the panel had felt that there was "a large amount of information that the police were either not processing or were suppressing" and "a strong smell of corruption". Baroness Ros Howells, patron of the Stephen Lawrence Charitable Trust, agreed: "Lots of people said they gave the police evidence which was never produced."^[86] On 1 March 2010 the IPCC announced that "No further action will be taken against the two men arrested following concerns identified by the internal Metropolitan police service (MPS) review of the murder of Stephen Lawrence" and the two were released from bail.^[87]

Revelations about undercover police conduct (2013)

On 23 June 2013, an interview with Peter Francis, a former under-cover police officer, was published in The Guardian. In the interview Francis stated that while he was working undercover within an anti-racist campaign group in the mid-1990s, he was constantly pressured by superiors to "smear" the credibilities of the family of Lawrence so as to put an end to campaigns for a better investigation into Lawrence's death.^[88] After the allegation, Theresa May, the UK's home secretary pledged to be "ruthless about purging corruption from the police", and Prime Minister David Cameron ordered Police to investigate the allegations, saying of them that he was "deeply worried about the reports".^[89] Chief Constable Mick Creedon, who is leading Operation Herne, an ongoing inquiry into Metropolitan police undercover operations against protest groups, said he would investigate the allegations as part of the inquiry.^[90] In October 2015 an inquiry was set up by the National Crime Agency to investigate allegations that members of the police force shielded the alleged killers.^[91]

The Stephen Lawrence Independent Review (2014)

Following the 2012 convictions, further inquiries by both Scotland Yard and the Independent Police Complaints Commission ruled that there was no new evidence to warrant further investigation. After discussions with Doreen Lawrence, Home Secretary Theresa May commissioned Mark Ellison QC to review Scotland Yard's investigations into alleged police corruption.^[92]

The report, titled "The Stephen Lawrence Independent Review",^[93] was presented to Parliament on 6 March 2014. Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police said the report, which prompted an inquiry into undercover policing, was "devastating".^[94] Ellison's report also showed that there was substantial evidence linking an alleged corrupt police officer with involvement in the murder of private investigator Daniel Morgan.^[95]

Legacy and recognition

An annual architectural award, the Stephen Lawrence Prize, was established by the Marco Goldschmied Foundation in association with the Royal Institute of British Architects in Lawrence's memory.

His mother, Doreen Lawrence, said, "I would like Stephen to be remembered as a young man who had a future. He was well loved, and had he been given the chance to survive maybe he would have been the one to bridge the gap between black and white because he didn't distinguish between black or white. He saw people as people."^[62]

In 1995 a memorial plaque was set into the pavement at the spot where he was killed on Well Hall Road. The plaque has been vandalised several times since then.^[96]

In 1999, Nicolas Kent designed a documentary play based on the trial, called The Colour of Justice. It was staged at the Tricycle Theatre and was later filmed by the BBC.^[97] It was also performed at the Guildford School of Acting for the 20th anniversary of the murder.

On 7 February 2008, the Stephen Lawrence Centre, designed by architect David Adjaye, opened in Deptford, south-east London.^[98] A week later, it was vandalised in an attack that was initially believed to be racially motivated. However, doubt was cast on that assumption when CCTV evidence appeared to show one of the suspects to be mixed-race.^[99]

The Stephen Lawrence Charitable Trust is a national educational charity committed to the advancement of social justice. The Trust provides educational and employability workshops and mentoring schemes. It also awards architectural and landscape bursaries.^[100] In 2008 the Trust, with architects RMJM, created the initiative Architecture for Everyone to help promote architecture and the creative industries to young people from ethnic minorities.^[101]

In October 2012, Doreen Lawrence received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 14th Pride of Britain Awards.^[102]

Doreen Lawrence was elevated to the peerage as a Baroness on 6 September 2013, and is formally styled Baroness Lawrence of Clarendon, of Clarendon in the Commonwealth Realm of Jamaica;^[103] the honour is rare for being designated after a location in a Commonwealth realm outside the United Kingdom.^[104] She sits on the Labour benches in the House of Lords as a working peer specialising in race and diversity.^[105]

On 23 April 2018, at a memorial service to mark the 25th anniversary of his death, Prime Minister Theresa May announced that "Stephen Lawrence Day" would be an annual national commemoration of his death on 22 April every year starting in 2019. Stephen's mother Doreen Lawrence made a statement that Stephen Lawrence Day would be "an opportunity for young people to use their voices and should be embedded in our education and wider system regardless of the government of the day".^[106]^[107]

In the media

Novelist Deborah Crombie uses the turmoil following the Stephen Lawrence murder as a flashback setting in her 2017 book, The Garden of Lamentations. The story includes police officers who were undercover on both sides of the protests, as well as widespread corruption for years afterward. Crombie includes an explanation of the murder in her Author's Note at the end of the book, but specifies that the rest of the characters are not meant to represent actual people.

See also

References

1. ^"[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-26465916 Stephen Lawrence murder: A timeline of how the story unfolded]". BBC, 6 March 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
2. ^{{cite news|author=BBC News|title=Lawrence detective denies claim|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5232372.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=31 July 2006|accessdate=4 January 2008}}
3. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Sir William Macpherson's Inquiry Into The Matters Arising From the Death of Stephen Lawrence|publisher=Official Documents Archive|url=http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm42/4262/sli-00.htm|date=24 February 1999|accessdate=21 June 2009}}
(see also summary: {{cite news|title=Lawrence: Key recommendations |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/285537.stm|accessdate=5 January 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=24 March 1999}})
4. ^¹{{cite news|author=BBC News|title=Q&A: Stephen Lawrence murder| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3685733.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=5 May 2004|accessdate=4 January 2008}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Justice at last for Stephen Lawrence|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article3275748.ece|accessdate=4 January 2012|newspaper=The Times|date=4 January 2012}}
6. ^¹{{cite news|title=Lawrence murder suspect jailed for dealing|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/lawrence-murder-suspect-jailed-for-dealing-2022528.html|accessdate=5 January 2012|newspaper=The Independent / Press Association|date=9 July 2010}}
7. ^¹{{cite news|title=Lawrence: Killers Face Jail As Parents Speak|url=http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16141887|accessdate=4 January 2012|date=4 January 2012}}
8. ^¹²³{{cite news|author=BBC News|title=Stephen Lawrence pair face murder trial|url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13438629|publisher=BBC News|date=18 May 2011|accessdate=18 May 2011}}
9. ^¹²³{{cite web|title=Joint CPS and MPS statement on Stephen Lawrence case|url=http://blog.cps.gov.uk/2011/05/joint-cpsmps-statement-on-stephen-lawrence-case-.html|publisher=Crown Prosecution Service|accessdate=5 January 2012|date=18 May 2011}}
10. ^Double jeopardy man is given life, BBC News. 6 October 2006.
11. ^¹{{cite news|last1=Dodd|first1=Vikram|last2=Laville|first2=Sandra|title=Stephen Lawrence verdict: Dobson and Norris guilty of racist murder|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jan/03/stephen-lawrence-verdict-guilty-murder?newsfeed=true|accessdate=3 January 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 January 2012}}
12. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|title=R v DOBSON & NORRIS, Sentencing Remarks of Mr Justice Treacy, 4 January 2012|url=http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/Resources/JCO/Documents/Judgments/sentencing-remarks-dobson-norris-120104.pdf|accessdate=4 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104180620/http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/Resources/JCO/Documents/Judgments/sentencing-remarks-dobson-norris-120104.pdf|archive-date=4 January 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite news|last=Sandra Laville and Vikram Dodd|title=Stephen Lawrence murder: Norris and Dobson get 14 and 15 years|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jan/04/dobson-norris-murder-stephen-lawrence|accessdate=4 January 2012|date=4 January 2012|work=The Guardian}}
14. ^¹{{cite news|last=Richards|first=David|title=Gary Dobson jailed for minimum of 15 years and 2 months and David Norris to 14 years and 3 months for 'terrible and evil crime'|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2082021/How-long-Judge-forced-sentence-killer-pair-juveniles-adults-means-13-years-bars.html|accessdate=4 January 2012|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=4 January 2012}}
15. ^¹²{{cite news|author=BBC News|title=Stephen Lawrence murder: Dobson and Norris found guilty|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16284890|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=4 January 2012|date=3 January 2012}}
16. ^¹{{cite news|author=BBC News|title=Straw Announces Inquiry into Lawrence Murder|publisher=BBC News |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/07/0731/lawrence.shtml|year=1997|accessdate=4 January 2008}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stephenlawrence.org.uk/about-us/stephens-story/|title=Stephen's Story|publisher=Stephen Lawrence Charitable Trust|accessdate=9 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231182303/http://www.stephenlawrence.org.uk/about-us/stephens-story/|archive-date=31 December 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
18. ^{{cite book|last=Wilkins|first=Verna Alette|title=The Life of Stephen Lawrence|year=2001|publisher=Tamarind Limited|isbn=1-870516-58-3|page=1}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9305540/Stephen-Lawrence-profile-the-ambitious-teenager-with-a-fun-loving-streak.html|title=Stephen Lawrence profile: the ambitious teenager with a fun-loving streak|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=1 June 2012|first=John|last=Bingham|accessdate=25 July 2014}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/the-life-and-legacy-of-stephen-lawrence-6286671.html|title=The life and legacy of Stephen Lawrence|publisher=The Independent|date=8 January 2012|first=Brian|last=Cathcart|accessdate=3 May 2012}}
21. ^¹²³{{cite web|last=Sutcliffe|first=Roger|title=The murder of Stephen Lawrence [Archived]|url=http://www.dialogueworks.co.uk/newswise/months/feb99/lasen.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116082756/http://www.dialogueworks.co.uk/newswise/months/feb99/lasen.html|archivedate=2007-11-16|work=February 1999|publisher=Newswise|accessdate=3 January 2012}}
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28. ^¹{{cite book|last=Holohan|first=Siobhan|title=The search for justice in a media age: reading Stephen Lawrence and Louise Woodward|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aBxFkbEs2AsC|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|accessdate=3 January 2012|isbn=978-0-7546-4380-7|page=123}}
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30. ^{{cite news|title=Stephen Lawrence murder – David Norris: profile|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8979601/Stephen-Lawrence-murder-David-Norris-profile.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=3 January 2012|accessdate=26 July 2014}}
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34. ^{{cite news|title='I was stabbed by Lawrence gang outside Wimpy weeks before Stephen was killed'|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/i-was-stabbed-by-lawrence-gang-outside-wimpy-weeks-before-stephen-was-killed-7305832.html|work=London Evening Standard|date=9 January 2012|accessdate=27 July 2014}}
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41. ^Ailsen Daniels, Duncan Campbell, "'Unlawfully killed in an unprovoked racist attack by five white youths'", The Guardian, 14 February 1997, p. 1.
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51. ^GBP:USD exchange rate on 23 February 2010, the time of the attempted drug deal: £1 = $1.5812, therefore £350,000 = approx. US$550,000
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