“United Left (Spain)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

IU was founded as an electoral coalition of seven parties, but the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) is the only remaining integrated member of the IU at the national level.^[7] Despite that, IU brings together other regional parties, political organizations, and independents.^[7]

History

Following the electoral failure of the PCE in the 1982 (from 10% to 4%), PCE leaders believed that the PCE alone could no longer effectively challenge the electoral hegemony of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) on the left.^[7] With this premise, the PCE began developing closer relations with other left-wing groups, with the vision of forming a broad left coalition.^[7] IU slowly improved its results, reaching 9% in 1989 (1,800,000 votes) and nearly 11% in 1996 (2,600,000 votes). The founding organizations were: Communist Party of Spain, Progressive Federation, Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain, PASOC, Carlist Party, Humanist Party, Unitarian Candidacy of Workers, and Republican Left.

In contrast to the PCE prior to the formation of IU, which pursued a more moderate political course, the new IU adopted a more radical strategy and ideology of confrontation against the PSOE.^[8]^[7] IU generally opposed cooperating with the PSOE, and identified it as a "right-wing party", no different from the People's Party (PP).^[8]^[7]

After achieving poor results in the 1999 local and European elections, IU decided to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards the PSOE, and agreed to sign an electoral pact with the PSOE for the upcoming general election in 2000.^[7] They also adopted a universal policy in favor of cooperating with the PSOE at local level.^[7]

Following the election of Cayo Lara as leader in 2008, however, the party has shifted back towards a more confrontational attitude towards the PSOE.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

Member parties

Federations of IU

Leaders

Electoral performance

Cortes Generales

Senate

European Parliament

References

1. ^Las bases de IU aprueban su alianza con Podemos para el 26-J por un 84,3%. El Confidencial, 05/05/2016.
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/spain.html|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|title=Spain|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|year=2016|accessdate=30 August 2018}}
3. ^https://www.laopiniondemurcia.es/comunidad/2010/11/15/iu-recurre-via-ecosocialista-atraer-votantes-descontentos-psoe/283346.html
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/survey/ESS6_appendix_a3_e01_1.pdf|title=European Social Survey 2012 - Appendix 3 (in English)|publisher=European Science Foundation|date=1 January 2014|accessdate=6 May 2014}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
5. ^http://izquierda-unida.es/node/17312
6. ^Like Ahora Madrid, Barcelona en Comú or Marea Atlántica. This lists gained 3,223 town councillors.
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite web|url=http://www.icps.cat/archivos/WorkingPapers/wp209.pdf|title=Electoral incentives and organizational limits. The evolution of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and the United Left (IU) (in English)|publisher=Institute of Political and Social Sciences|date=2002|accessdate=11 May 2014}}
8. ^¹Topaloff, L (2012) Political Parties and Euroscepticism, pp192-193
9. ^Entre coalición y partido, la evolución de modelo organizativo en IU, Luis Ramiro {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326064732/http://www.aecpa.es/uploads/files/recp/02/textos/08.pdf |date=March 26, 2012 }}
10. ^Following the tradition of the Spanish left since the formation of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) in 1936 (when communists and socialists joined forces in Catalunya), IU doesn't have any organization of its own in Catalonia. Until 1998, the referent of IU in Catalonia was Initiative for Catalonia (Iniciativa per Catalunya, now known as IC-V). But IC eventually broke relations with IU. A split in PSUC followed, and a new Catalan alliance, United and Alternative Left (Esquerra Unida i Alternativa, EUiA), was formed as the new Catalan referent of IU.
11. ^IU rompe "a todos los efectos" con su federación madrileña. El Diario, 14/06/2015 - 10:48h. Aitor Rivero.
12. ^La militancia de IU Madrid elige a Mauricio Valiente y Chus Alonso al frente de la nueva formación. Público, 03/05/2016.