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词条 Murrumbidgee River
释义

  1. Flow

  2. History

  3. Exploration

  4. Floods

  5. Wetlands

  6. Tributaries

  7. Population centres

  8. River crossings

     Downstream from Wagga Wagga  Wagga Wagga to Burrinjuck  Upstream from Burrinjuck 

  9. Images

  10. Distances along the river

  11. See also

  12. References

  13. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}{{Use Australian English|date=January 2013}}{{Infobox river
| name = Murrumbidgee River
| name_native =
| name_native_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology = Aboriginal Wiradjuri language: "big water"[1]
| nickname = 'bidgee
| image = Murrumbidgee River - October 2008.jpg
| image_size = 320
| image_caption = Murrumbidgee River at Wagga Wagga
| map = Darling Lachlan Murrumbidgee Murray Rivers.png
| map_size =
| map_caption = The Murrumbidgee is a major tributary of the Murray River
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = Australia
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory
| subdivision_type3 = IBRA
| subdivision_name3 = South Eastern Highlands, Riverina
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = Monaro, Capital Country, South West Slopes, Riverina, Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area
| subdivision_type5 = Municipalities
| subdivision_name5 = Palerang, Cooma-Monaro, Queanbeyan, Yass Valley, Tumut, Cootamundra, Junee, Coolamon, Wagga Wagga, Narrandera, Leeton, Griffith, Greater Hume, Murrumbidgee
| length = {{convert|1485|km|mi|abbr=on}}[1]
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= Wagga Wagga[2]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|120|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}[3]
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location= Narrandera
| discharge2_min =
| discharge2_avg = {{convert|105|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max =
| discharge3_location= Balranald
| discharge3_min =
| discharge3_avg = {{convert|27|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge3_max =
| source1 = Peppercorn Hill
| source1_location = Snowy Mountains, NSW
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|35|35|7|S|148|36|5|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|1560|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = confluence with Murray River
| mouth_location = near Boundary Bend, NSW/Vic
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|34|43|43|S|143|13|8|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|55|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| waterfalls =
| river_system = Murray River, Murray-Darling basin
| basin_size = {{convert|84917|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = Gudgenby River, Cotter River, Goodradigbee River, Tumut River
| tributaries_right = Bredbo River, Molonglo River, Yass River, Lachlan River
| custom_label = Reservoirs
| custom_data = Tantangara Reservoir, Lake Burrinjuck
| extra = [4][5]
}}

Murrumbidgee River ({{IPAc-en|m|ʌr|ə|m|ˈ|b|ɪ|dʒ|i}}[6]), a major tributary of the Murray River within the Murray–Darling basin and the second longest river in Australia. It flows through the Australian state of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. It descends {{convert|1500|m}} as it flows {{Convert|1485|km|mi|0}}[1] in a west-northwesterly direction from the foot of Peppercorn Hill in the Fiery Range of the Snowy Mountains towards its confluence with the Murray River near Boundary Bend.

The word Murrumbidgee means "big water" in the Wiradjuri language, one of the local Aboriginal languages.[7][8] The river itself flows through several traditional Indigenous Australian lands, home to various Aboriginal tribes. In the Australian Capital Territory, the river is bordered by a narrow strip of land on each side; these are managed as the ‘Murrumbidgee River Corridor’ (MRC).[9] This land includes nature reserves, eight recreation reserves, a European heritage conservation zone and rural leases.

Flow

The mainstream of the river system flows for {{Convert|900|km|mi}}.[10] The river's headwaters arise from the wet heath and bog at the foot of Peppercorn Hill situated along Long Plain which is within the Fiery Range of the Snowy Mountains; and about {{convert|50|km}} north of Kiandra. From its headwaters it flows to its confluence with the Murray River. The river flows for {{Convert|66|km|mi}} through the Australian Capital Territory near Canberra,[11] picking up the important tributaries of the Gudgenby, Queanbeyan, Molonglo and Cotter Rivers. The Murrumbidgee drains much of southern New South Wales and all of the Australian Capital Territory, and is an important source of irrigation water for the Riverina farming area.

The reaches of the Murrumbidgee in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) are affected by the complete elimination of large spring snow melt flows and a reduction of average annual flows of almost 50%, due to Tantangara Dam.[12] Tantangara Dam was completed in 1960 on the headwaters of Murrumbidgee River and diverts approximately 99% of the river's flow at that point into Lake Eucumbene.[13][14] This has extremely serious effects on native fish populations and other native aquatic life and has led to serious siltation, stream contraction, fish habitat loss and other problems. The Murrumbidgee where it enters the ACT is effectively half the river it used to be.[14][15]

A study suggests a section of the upper river's channels are relatively new in geological terms, dating from the early Miocene (the Miocene era being from 23 to 5 million years ago). It is suggested that the Upper Murrumbidgee is an anabranch of the Tumut River (that once continued north along Mutta Mutta Creek) when geological uplift near Adaminaby diverted its flow. From Gundagai onwards the rivers flow within its ancestral channel.[16]

In June 2008 the Murray-Darling Basin Commission released a report on the condition of the Murray-Darling basin, with the Goulburn and Murrumbidgee Rivers rated in a very poor condition in the Murray-Darling basin with fish stocks in both rivers were also rated as extremely poor, with only 13 of the original 22 native fish species still found in the Murrumbidgee River.[17]

History

The Murrumbidgee River runs through the traditional lands of the Ngarigo, Ngunnawal, Wiradjuri, Nari Nari and Muthi Muthi Aboriginal tribes.

Exploration

The Murrumbidgee River was known to Europeans before it was actually discovered by them.  In 1820 the explorer Charles Throsby informed the Governor of New South Wales that he anticipated finding "a considerable river of salt water (except at very wet seasons), called by the natives Mur-rum-big-gee". In the expedition journal, Throsby wrote as a marginal note: "This river or stream is called by the natives Yeal-am-bid-gie ...".[18] The river he had stumbled upon was in fact the Molonglo River, Throsby reached the actual river in April 1821.[19]

In 1823, Brigade-Major John Ovens and Captain Mark Currie reached the upper Murrumbidgee when exploring south of Lake George.[20] In 1829, Charles Sturt and his party rowed down the lower half of the Murrumbidgee River in a stoutly built, large row-boat, from Narrandera to the Murray River, and then down the Murray River to the sea. They then rowed back upstream, against the current, to their starting point.[21] Sturt's description of their passage through the junction of the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers is dramatic. His description of wild strong currents in the Murrumbidgee—in the middle of summer (14 January 1830), when flows are declining and close to the seasonal summer/autumn minimum, are in contrast to the sluggish, chronically irrigation-reduced flow seen at the junction today in mid-summer:

The men looked anxiously out ahead; for the singular change in the river had impressed on them an idea, that we were approaching its termination ... We were carried at a fearful rate down its gloomy and contracted banks ... At 3 p.m., Hopkinson called out that we were approaching a junction, and in less than a minute afterwards, we were hurried into a broad and noble river ... such was the force with which we had been shot out of the Morumbidgee, that we were carried nearly to the bank opposite its embouchure, whilst we continued to gaze in silent astonishment on the capacious channel [of the Murray River] we had entered ...

The Murrumbidgee basin was opened to settlement in the 1830s and soon became an important farming area.

Ernest Favenc, when writing on Australian exploration, commented on the relatively tardy European discovery of the river and that the river retained a name used by Indigenous Australians:

Here we may remark on the tenacity with which the Murrumbidgee River long eluded the eye of the white man. It is scarcely probable that Meehan and Hume, who on this occasion were within comparatively easy reach of the head waters, could have seen a new inland river at that time without mentioning the fact, but there is no record traceable anywhere as to the date of its discovery, or the name of its finder. When in 1823 Captain Currie and Major Ovens were led along its bank on to the beautiful Maneroo country by Joseph Wild, the stream was then familiar to the early settlers and called the Morumbidgee. Even in 1821, when Hume found the Yass Plains, almost on its bank, he makes no special mention of the river. From all this we may deduce the extremely probable fact that the position of the river was shown to some stockrider by a native, who also confided the aboriginal name, and so it gradually worked the knowledge of its identity into general belief. This theory is the more feasible as the river has retained its native name. If a white man of any known position had made the discovery, it would at once have received the name of some person holding official sway.[22]

Floods

The river has risen above {{Convert|7|m|ft|0}} at Gundagai nine times between 1852 and 2010, an average of just under once every eleven years. Since 1925, flooding has been minor with the exception of floods in 1974 and in December 2010, when the river rose to {{Convert|10.2|m|ft|0}} at Gundagai.[23] In the 1852 disaster, the river rose to just over {{Convert|12.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The following year the river again rose to just over {{Convert|12.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The construction of Burrinjuck Dam from 1907 has significantly reduced flooding but, despite the dam, there were major floods in 1925, 1950, 1974 and 2012.[24][25]

The most notable flood was in 1852 when the town of Gundagai was swept away and 89 people, a third of the town's population, were killed. The town was rebuilt on higher ground.[26]

In 1925, four people died and the flooding lasted for eight days.[27][28][29]

The reduction in floods has consequences for wildlife, particularly birds and trees. There has been a decline in bird populations and black box flood plain eucalypt forest trees are starting to lose their crowns.[30]

Major flooding occurred during March 2012 along the Murrumbidgee River including Wagga Wagga, where the river peaked at {{convert|10.56|m|ft}} on 6 March 2012.[31] This peak was {{convert|0.18|m|ft}} below the 1974 flood level of {{convert|10.74|m|ft}}.[25]

Wetlands

Major wetlands along the Murrumbidgee or associated with the Murrumbidgee catchment include:[32]

  • Lowbidgee Floodplain, {{Convert|2000|km2|sqmi|0}} between Maude and Balranald
  • Mid-Murrumbidgee Wetlands along the river from Narrandera to Carathool
  • Fivebough and Tuckerbil Swamps
  • Tomneys Plain
  • Micalong Swamp
  • Lake George
  • Yaouk Swamp
  • Black Swamp & Coopers Swamp
  • Big Badja Swamp

Tributaries

{{main|Tributaries of the Murrumbidgee River}}{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

The Murrumbidgee River has about 90 named tributaries in total; 24 rivers, and numerous creeks and gullies. The ordering of the basin, from source to mouth, of the major tributaries is:

Rivers of the Murrumbidgee River basin
Catchment river Elevation at
confluence[33]		River mouthCoordinates[34][35]River length[33]
Tributary
Tributary
Tributary
Murrumbidgee River{{convert|55|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Murray 34|43|43|S|143|13|8|E|region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Murrumbidgee River}}~{{convert|900|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Numeralla River{{convert|706|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Murrumbidgee 36|3|56|S|149|9|1|E|region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Numeralla River}}{{convert|94|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Kybeyan River{{convert|745|m|abbr=on}} Numeralla 36|13|13|S|149|21|25|E|region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Kybeyan River}}{{convert|36|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Big Badja River{{convert|735|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Numeralla 36|10|27|S|149|20|52|E|region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Big Badja River}}{{convert|94|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Bredbo River Murrumbidgee
Strike-a-Light River Bredbo
Gudgenby River Murrumbidgee
Naas River Gudgenby
Orroral River Gudgenby
Cotter River Murrumbidgee
Paddys River Cotter
Tidbinbilla River Paddys
Gibraltar Creek Paddys
Molonglo River Murrumbidgee
Jerrabomberra Creek Molonglo
Sullivans Creek Molonglo
Queanbeyan River Molonglo
Goodradigbee River{{convert|345|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Murrumbidgee 35|00148|38region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Goodradigbee River}{{convert|105|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Yass River{{convert|345|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Murrumbidgee 34|52|36|S|148|46|55|E|region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Yass River}}{{convert|139|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Tumut River{{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Murrumbidgee 35|1|18|S|148|10|51|E|region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Tumut River}}{{convert|182|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Goobarragandra River{{convert|272|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Tumut 35|20148|15region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Goobarragandra River}{{convert|56|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Doubtful Creek{{convert|1290|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Tumut 36|06148|26region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Doubtful Creek}{{convert|15|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Lachlan River{{convert|68|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Murrumbidgee 34|22143|47region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Lachlan River}~{{convert|1440|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Crookwell River{{convert|430|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Lachlan 34|16|39|S|149|7|53|E|region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Crookwell River}}{{convert|78|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Abercrombie River{{convert|378|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Lachlan 34|01149|28region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Abercrombie River}{{convert|130|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Bolong River{{convert|569|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Abercrombie 34|08149|37region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Bolong River}{{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Isabella River{{convert|479|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Abercrombie 34|00149|39region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Isabella River}{{convert|51|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Boorowa River{{convert|303|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Lachlan 33|57148|50region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Boorowa River}{{convert|134|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
Belubula River{{convert|263|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Lachlan 33|33148|28region:AU-NSW_type:river|name=Belubula River}{{convert|165|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}

Population centres

  • Tharwa
  • Canberra particularly Tuggeranong
  • Jugiong
  • Gundagai
  • Wantabadgery
  • Wagga Wagga
  • Narrandera
  • Yanco
  • Leeton
  • Darlington Point
  • Hay
  • Balranald

River crossings

The list below notes past and present bridges that cross over the Murrumbidgee River. There were numerous other crossings before the bridges were constructed and many of these still exist today.

Downstream from Wagga Wagga

Crossing Image Coordinates Built Location Description Notes
Balranald Bridge display=inline->1973BalranaldSturt Highway
Matthews Bridgedisplay=inline->1957 Maude
Hay Bridge display=inline-> 1973HayCobb Highway
Carrathool Bridge display=inline->1924 Carrathool
Darlington Point Bridge display=inline-> Darlington PointKidman Way
Euroley Bridge display=inline-> 2003 Yanco
Narrandera Rail Bridge display=inline->NarranderaTocumwal railway line
Narrandera Bridge display=inline->Newell Highway
Collingullie Bridge display=inline-> Collingullie

Wagga Wagga to Burrinjuck

{{kml}}
Crossing Image Coordinates Built Location Description Notes
Gobbagombalin Bridgedisplay=inline->1997Wagga WaggaOlympic Highway [36]
Wirajuri Bridge display=inline-> 1995Hampden Avenue, replaced the Hampden Bridge
Hampden Bridgedisplay=inline->1895Demolished in 2014 [37]
Murrumbidgee River
Rail Bridge 		display=inline->2006Main Southern railway line. Replaced the previous bridge built in 1881
Eunony Bridgedisplay=inline->Eunony Bridge Road
Low Bridgedisplay=inline->Mundarlo
Sheahan Bridge display=inline->1977 GundagaiHume Freeway; looking south from Gundagai, bridge in midground
Gundagai Rail Bridge display=inline->1902Tumut railway line, now disused
Prince Alfred Bridge display=inline->1867Prince Alfred Road, former Hume Highway.
Gobarralong Bridgedisplay=inline->Gobarralong
Jugiong Bridge display=inline-> Jugiong

Upstream from Burrinjuck

Crossing Image Coordinates Location Description Notes
Taemas Bridgedisplay=inline->Wee Jasper1930>
Uriarra Crossing display=inline-> Uriarra
Cotter Road bridgedisplay=inline-> Australian Capital TerritoryCotter Road, near the confluence with the Cotter River
Point Hut crossing display=inline->Gordon
Tharwa Bridge display=inline-> Tharwa 1895
Angle Crossing display=inline->WilliamsdaleAngle Crossing Road, a ford
Billilingra Bridgedisplay=inline->Billilingra
Binjura Bridge display=inline-> Binjura
Bolaro Bridgedisplay=inline-> Bolaro
Yaouk Bridgedisplay=inline-> Yaouk
Tantangara Bridgedisplay=inline-> TantangaraTantangara Road, immediately downstream from the Tantangara Reservoir wall
Tantangara Damdisplay=inline-> TantangaraTantangara Reservoir was constructed between 1958 and 1960. No public access to the dam to cross the river.
Long Plain Bridgedisplay=inline-> Long Plain

Images

Distances along the river

  • Gundagai to Wagga Wagga – {{Convert|138|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Wagga Wagga to Yarragundy – {{Convert|37|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Yarragundy to Yiorkibitto – {{Convert|77|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Yiorkibitto to Grong Grong – {{Convert|58|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Grong Grong to Narrandera – {{Convert|21|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Narrandera to Yanco or Bedithera – {{Convert|18|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Yanco to Yanco Station – {{Convert|29|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Yanco to Gogeldrie – {{Convert|21|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Gogeldrie to Tubbo – {{Convert|24|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Tubbo to Cararburry – {{Convert|55|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Cararbury to Carrathool – {{Convert|66|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Carrathool to Burrabogie – {{Convert|56|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Burrabogie to Illilliwa – {{Convert|42|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Illilliwa to Hay – {{Convert|22|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Hay to Toogambie – {{Convert|63|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Toogambie to Maude – {{Convert|40|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Maude to Lachlan Junction – {{Convert|71|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Lachlan Junction to Balranald – {{Convert|137|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Balranald to Canally – {{Convert|42|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Canally to Weimby, Murray Junction – {{Convert|61|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
  • Total distance from Gundagai to Murrumbidgee Junction – {{Convert|1078|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}[38]

See also

{{stack|{{portal|New South Wales|Australian Capital Territory|Water|Environment}}}}
  • List of rivers of New South Wales
  • List of rivers of the Australian Capital Territory
  • List of Murrumbidgee River distances
  • List of Darling River distances
  • List of Murray River crossings
  • List of Murray River distances
  • Murray–Darling basin includes useful chart of tributaries

References

1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/landforms/longest-rivers#heading-1 |title=Longest Rivers |work=Geoscience Australia |publisher=Australian Government |date=September 2008 |accessdate=18 March 2017 }}
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=D|title= Water resources and management overview: Murrumbidgee catchment |date=2011|publisher= NSW Office of Water| url=http://www.water.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/548012/catchment_overview_murrumbidgee.pdf |page=14}}
3. ^{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=D|title= Water resources and management overview: Murrumbidgee catchment |date=2011|publisher= NSW Office of Water| url=http://www.water.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/548012/catchment_overview_murrumbidgee.pdf |page=14}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.murrumbidgee.cma.nsw.gov.au/about/catchment.aspx |title=Our Catchment |work=Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority |publisher=Government of New South Wales |year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127051947/http://www.murrumbidgee.cma.nsw.gov.au/about/catchment.aspx|archive-date=27 January 2014|accessdate=22 January 2013}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&cmd=sp&p=213097&st=&s=murrumbidgee |title=Map of Murrumbidgee River |work=Bonzle.com |date= |accessdate=22 January 2013}}
6. ^{{cite book | title = Macquarie ABC Dictionary | publisher = The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd | year = 2003 | pages = 647, 853 | isbn = 1-876429-37-2}}
7. ^1 {{NSW GNR|id=ujjLjzxOIt|title=Murrumbidgee River|accessdate=8 June 2008}}
8. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA246&dq=|title=Placenames of the World|page=246|publisher=McFarland|year=2003|isbn=0-7864-1814-1|last=Room|first=Adrian}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/609630/Murrumbidgee-River-Corridor-Brochure.pdf|title=Murrumbidgee River Corridor|website=Territory and Municipal Services|accessdate=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413015152/http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/609630/Murrumbidgee-River-Corridor-Brochure.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
10. ^{{cite web |year=1995 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/95/9_4.htm |title= Murrumbidgee River Catchment |work=Catchment Case Studies |publisher=NSW Department of Environment and Conservation |accessdate=13 July 2006 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060419004701/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/95/9_4.htm |archivedate=19 April 2006}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/13321/interimrecreationstrategy0804.pdf |title=Interim recreation study for the natural areas of the ACT |publisher=ACT Government |page=23|format=PDF |date=April 2004|accessdate=8 June 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080726144013/http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/13321/interimrecreationstrategy0804.pdf |archivedate=26 July 2008}}
12. ^{{cite report|title = Expert panel environmental flow assessment of the upper Murrumbidgee River|publisher =NSW Environmental Protection Authority|year =1997}}
13. ^{{cite web |last=Lintermans |first=Mark |title=The re-establishment of endangered Macquarie perch Macquaria australasica in the Queanbeyan River, New South Wales, with an examination of dietary overlap with alien trout |publisher=Environment ACT and Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology |url=http://freshwater.canberra.edu.au/publications.nsf/f8748e6acfab1b7fca256f1e001536e1/9ffa733471131b0aca25725f00244a04/$FILE/Macq%20Perch%20reintrod%20Qbyn%20R%20-%20Web%202006.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807000955/http://freshwater.canberra.edu.au/publications.nsf/f8748e6acfab1b7fca256f1e001536e1/9ffa733471131b0aca25725f00244a04/$FILE/Macq%20Perch%20reintrod%20Qbyn%20R%20-%20Web%202006.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
14. ^1 "eflow panel 1997"
15. ^{{Cite journal | author1=Lintermans, Mark | author2=Australian Capital Territory. Department of Urban Services | author3=Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology (Australia) | author4=Australian Capital Territory. Environment ACT | title=The status of fish in the Australian Capital Territory : a review of current knowledge and management requirements | publication-date=2000 | publisher=Environment ACT | isbn=978-1-86331-473-2 }}
16. ^{{cite journal |author=Sharp, K. R |title=Cenozoic volcanism, tectonism, and stream derangement in the Snowy Mountains and northern Monaro of New South Wales |journal=Australian Journal of Earth Sciences |year=2004 |volume=51 |pages=67–83 |accessdate= |url= |doi=10.1046/j.1400-0952.2003.01045.x}}
17. ^{{cite conference |title=Sustainable Rivers Audit |pages=14, 50 |publisher=Murray-Darling Basin Commission |date=June 2008 |url=http://www.mdbc.gov.au/__data/page/2260/34373_MDBC_SRA_Report_Web.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=21 June 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719164235/http://mdbc.gov.au/__data/page/2260/34373_MDBC_SRA_Report_Web.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
18. ^Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1931 (ABS cat. no. 1301.0)
19. ^Reed, A. W., Place-names of New South Wales: Their Origins and Meanings, (Reed: 1969).
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cooma.nsw.gov.au/culturalmap/history/historyfirstpage.htm |title=Discovery of the Monaro |website=Cooma-Monaro Shire Council|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018064926/http://www.cooma.nsw.gov.au/culturalmap/history/historyfirstpage.htm|archive-date=18 October 2015}}
21. ^{{cite book | last = Sturt| first = Charles| authorlink = Charles Sturt | title = Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia | origyear = 1833 | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4330/4330.txt | format = txt | accessdate = 2006-08-26 | edition = | year = 2004 | publisher = Project Gutenberg EBook | location = | pages = | chapter =}}
22. ^{{cite book | last = Favenc | first = Ernest | authorlink = Ernest Favenc | title = The Explorers of Australia and their Life-work | origyear = 1908 | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10840/10840.txt | format = txt | accessdate = 2006-08-26 | edition = | year = 2004 | publisher = Project Gutenberg EBook | location = | pages = | chapter = Chapter 4}}
23. ^{{cite news |title=Evacuation begins |url=http://www.dailyadvertiser.com.au/news/local/news/general/evacuation-begins/2016788.aspx |accessdate=5 December 2010 |work=The Daily Advertiser |date=5 December 2010}}
24. ^{{cite book |last=Butcher |first=Cliff |year=2002 |title=Gundagai: A track winding back |publisher=A. C. Butcher |location=Gundagai, NSW, Australia |isbn=0-9586200-0-8 | pages = 84–98 |chapter=Chapter 9 Floods}}
25. ^1 {{cite web |title=Murrumbidgee River & Floods |url=http://www.wagga.nsw.gov.au/city-of-wagga-wagga/wagga-wagga/murrumbidgee-river-and-floods |publisher=Wagga Wagga City Council |accessdate=11 March 2012}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=1852, June, Gundagai flood|url=http://www.emergency.nsw.gov.au/content.php/636.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327144603/http://www.emergency.nsw.gov.au/content.php/636.html|archive-date=27 March 2011|website=Emergency New South Wales|publisher=Ministry of Police and Emergency Services|accessdate=23 April 2013}}
27. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2121432 |title=Disastrous Floods. – Many Families Homeless – Four Men Drowned |newspaper=The Argus |location=Melbourne |date=29 May 1925 |accessdate=18 July 2014 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}
28. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2121442 |title=HEAVY LOSSES AT GUNDAGAI. |newspaper=The Argus |location=Melbourne |date=29 May 1925 |accessdate=20 February 2016 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}
29. ^Australian Government Emergency Management database {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924053953/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/6a1bf6b4b60f6f05ca256d1200179a5b/f8472dcf9b9c1767ca256d3300058003?OpenDocument |date=24 September 2006 }}
30. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2001/s398444.htm |author=Troy, Michael |date=23 October 2001 |publisher=ABC1 |location=Australia |format=transcript |title=Report warns of damage to Murrumbidgee River |work=7.30 Report |accessdate=22 January 2013}}
31. ^{{cite news|last=Kwek|first=Glenda|title=Wagga 'dodges a bullet' as severe weather warning issued for Sydney|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/weather/wagga-dodges-a-bullet-as-severe-weather-warning-issued-for-sydney-20120307-1uj2d.html|accessdate=11 March 2012|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 March 2012}}
32. ^NSW Department of Natural Resources Murrumbidgee Region {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223110749/http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/wetlands/activities/murrumbidgee/index.html |date=23 February 2006 }}
33. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=br&o=27122372 |title=Search Rivers and Creeks |work=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search |title=Place name search |work=Geographical Name Register |publisher=Geographical Names Board of New South Wales }}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/place-name/ |title=Gazetteer of Australia Place Name Search |work=Geoscience Australia |publisher=Australian Government }}
36. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyadvertiser.com.au/story/738344/waggas-gobbagombalin-bridge-proves-its-worth/|title=Wagga's Gobbagombalin bridge proves its worth|newspaper=The Daily Advertiser|date=9 December 2010|accessdate=2 April 2015}}
37. ^{{cite news|last1=Owen|first1=Brodie|title=Hampden Bridge erased from Wagga's landscape|url=http://www.dailyadvertiser.com.au/story/2501941/hampden-bridge-erased-from-waggas-landscape/?cs=148|accessdate=20 August 2014|work=The Daily Advertiser|date=20 August 2014}}
38. ^Heaton, J. H., 1984, The Bedside Book of Colonial Doings, Published in 1879 as Australian Dictionary of Dates containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May, 1879, Angus & Robertson Publishers Sydney, pp.215-216

External links

{{Commons category|Murrumbidgee River}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20050310103629/http://www.riob.org/ag2002/Murray-Darling-Murrumbidgee-HELP1.htm Nomination of Lower Murrumbidgee Catchment for UNESCO's HELP Pilot Demonstration Status by CSIRO]
  • Murrumbidgee River Flows recorded by NSW Water
  • River pilot maps 1880-1918 / Echuca Historical Society
  • Snowy Flow Response Monitoring and Modelling
  • Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority website
  • Upper Murrumbidgee Demonstration Reach {{cite web|url= http://upperbidgeereach.org.au/files/UMDR-diagram.pdf |title=Map }} 1.22MB
  • {{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/ieo/Murrumbidgee/maplg.htm|title=Murrumbidgee and Lake George catchments|format=map|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=Government of New South Wales|date=}}
  • {{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/ieo/Murray/maplg.htm|title=Murray River catchment (NSW)|format=map|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=Government of New South Wales|date=}}
{{Rivers of the Murrumbidgee River catchment |state=autocollapse}}{{Rivers of New South Wales |state=autocollapse}}{{Rivers of the Australian Capital Territory |state=autocollapse}}{{Rivers of the Murray–Darling basin|state=collapsed}}

8 : Murrumbidgee River|Rivers of New South Wales|Rivers of the Australian Capital Territory|Murray-Darling basin|Tributaries of the Murray River|Newell Highway|Rivers in the Riverina|Snowy Mountains Scheme
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