| 词条 | United States v. Reese |
| 释义 |
| Litigants = United States v. Reese | ArgueDate = | ArgueDateA = January 30 | ArgueDateB = 31 | ArgueYear = 1876 | DecideDate = March 27 | DecideYear = 1876 | FullName = United States v. Reese | USVol = 92 | USPage = 214 | ParallelCitations = 23 L. Ed. 563; 1875 U.S. LEXIS 1750 | Docket = | OralArgument = | OralReargument = | OpinionAnnouncement = | Prior = | Subsequent = | Holding = | SCOTUS = 1874-1877 | Majority = Waite | JoinMajority = Swayne, Miller, Davis, Field, Strong, and Bradley | Concurrence = | JoinConcurrence = | Concurrence2 = | JoinConcurrence2 = | Concurrence/Dissent = | JoinConcurrence/Dissent = | Dissent = Clifford | JoinDissent = | Dissent2 = Hunt | JoinDissent2 = | LawsApplied = U.S. Const. amend. XV }} United States v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214 (1876), was a voting rights case in which the United States Supreme Court narrowly construed the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provides that suffrage for citizens can not be restricted due to race, color or the individual having previously been a slave. This was the Supreme Court's first voting rights case under the Fifteenth Amendment and the Enforcement Act of 1870. A Kentucky electoral official had refused to register an African‐American's vote in a municipal election and was indicted under two sections of the 1871 act: section 1 required that administrative preliminaries to elections be conducted without regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude; section 2 forbade wrongful refusal to register votes where a prerequisite step “required as foresaid” had been omitted. The Court held that the Fifteenth Amendment did not confer the right of suffrage, but it prohibited exclusion from voting on racial grounds. The justices invalidated the operative section 3 of the Enforcement Act since it did not repeat the amendment's words about race, color, and servitude. They ruled that the section exceeded the scope of the Fifteenth Amendment. This ruling was the grounds for which the K.K.K was invented, as it provided white southerners with legal reassurance. Results{{main|Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era (United States)}}Due to this ruling, states began to develop means to exclude blacks from voting while keeping within the constraints of the 14th Amendment. They adopted such devices as poll taxes (which many poor black and white sharecroppers, who lived on credit, did not have ready cash to pay); literacy tests, subjectively administered by white election officials, who tended in practice to exclude even educated blacks which is often very rare; grandfather clauses, which admitted voters whose grandfathers had voted as of a certain date, which also excluded blacks; and more restrictive residency requirements, which disqualified people who had to move to follow work. As these measures were challenged in court, beginning with Mississippi's new constitution in 1890 that included them, the Supreme Court upheld their use, as they were required of all voters. The court did not believe it had a role in overseeing the practice of these measures, which white Democrats quickly used to disenfranchise most black voters across the South. Through 1910, all the former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments to achieve disfranchisement. External links
| case = United States v. Reese, {{ussc|92|214|1876|el=no}} | courtlistener =https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/89266/united-states-v-reese/ | googlescholar = https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15528584311057419397 | justia =https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/214/ | loc =https://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep092/usrep092214a/usrep092214a.pdf | openjurist =https://openjurist.org/92/us/214 6 : United States Fifteenth Amendment case law|United States Supreme Court cases|United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court|Criminal cases in the Waite Court|1876 in United States case law|African-American history between emancipation and the Civil Rights Movement |
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