| 词条 | Unknown Sailor |
| 释义 |
The Unknown Sailor was an anonymous seafarer murdered in September 1786 at Hindhead in Surrey, England. His murderers were hanged in chains on Gibbet Hill, Hindhead the following year. MurderThe Unknown Sailor is first recorded as visiting the Red Lion Inn at Thursley as he was walking back from London to join his ship at Portsmouth which is now the woods of PGL on 24 September 1786. There he met three other seafarers, James Marshall, Michael Casey and Edward Lonegon. He generously paid for their drinks and food as he had much money with him and was last seen leaving for Hindhead Hill with them. The three seafarers murdered him and stripped him of his clothes because they thought they could sell them. The three then made their way down the London to Portsmouth road (now the A3) and were arrested a few hours later trying to sell the murdered sailor's clothes at the Sun Inn as there was still blood on the clothes [1] in Rake (not the Flying Bull in Rake as some versions of the story have it). The Hampshire Chronicle, dated 2 October 1786, reads: Sunday last a shocking murder was committed by three sailors, on one of their companions, a seaman also, between Godalming --- They nearly severed his head from his body, stripped him quite naked, and threw him into a valley, where he was providentially discovered, soon after the perpetration of the horrid crime, by some countrymen corning over Hind Head, who immediately gave the alarm, when the desperadoes were instantly pursued, and overtaken at the house of Mr. Adams, the Sun, at Rake. They were properly secured, and are since lodged in gaol, to take their trials at the next assizes for the county of Surrey. Six months later they were tried at Kingston assizes and two days after that, on Saturday 7 April 1787, they were hanged in chains on a triple gibbet close to the scene of the crime in Hindhead.[2] Memorials{{Gallery|File: Hindhead_Sailors_stone_front.jpg|Front of Sailor's Stone |File: Sailors_Stone_reverse_side.jpg|Reverse of Sailor's Stone |File: Celtic cross on Gibbet Hill.JPG|The granite Celtic Cross on Gibbet Hill }} GravestoneThe unknown sailor was buried in Thursley churchyard and the gravestone was paid for by the residents of the village.(Moorey 2000: p. 1) It reads:
The gravestone is a Grade-1 listed structure and has recently (2010) been "cleaned and refreshed".[3] Sailor's StoneThe Sailor's Stone was erected by James Stillwell of nearby Cosford Mill soon after the murder. It was sited on the Old Coaching Road from London to Portsmouth close to the site of the murder. The inscription on the front of the stone reads:
The inscription on the back of the stone reads:
When the London to Portsmouth road was realigned in 1826 the stone was removed and placed alongside the Punch Bowl bend. It was then removed back to its original location (and the curse on the back of the stone added). The stone was then returned down to the Punch Bowl road. Finally the stone was moved again in 1932 back to its original location when the main road was widened.(Moorey 2000: p. 3) The latitude and longitude of the Sailor’s Stone are {{Coord|51|06|52.5|N|0|43|6.9|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline}}. Celtic CrossIn 1851 Sir William Erle paid for the erection of a granite Celtic Cross on Gibbet Hill on the site of the scaffold. He did this to dispel the fears and superstitions of local people and to raise their spirits.(Moorey. 2000: p. 1) The cross has four Latin inscriptions around its base. They read:
which translate to "Light after darkness. Peace in passing away. Hope in light. Salvation after death." [4] The latitude and longitude of the Celtic Cross are 51° 06’ 56.1”N, 0° 42’ 58.2”W. Gilbert WhiteGilbert White of Selborne records, in his Naturalist's Journal 1768–1793, that on December 23, 1790 there was a terrible thunderstorm during which:
Turner's Liber StudiorumBetween 1807 and 1809 the painter Turner created a collection of 71 Mezzotints under the title Liber Studiorum. These were published in 1811. One of these (number 25) was of Hindhead Hill with the gibbet clearly shown:
The verses include the lines "Hind head thou cloud capt hill" and "Hark the kreaking Irons. Hark the screaching owl" (Moorey 2000: p. 8) In popular literatureNicholas NicklebyCharles Dickens mentions the murder of the Unknown Sailor in Chapter 22 of his novel Nicholas Nickleby[8] published in 1838-9:
The Broom-squireIn the early nineteenth century, the Devil's Punch Bowl became inhabited by several families who enclosed portions of the western slopes of the Bowl for themselves. Here they pastured their sheep, goats, and cattle and gleaned profits of a trade which they monopolised: making and selling brooms. Rods supplied by coppices of Spanish chestnut served for handles, the long and wiry heather twigs for brush. They became known as the Broom-squires and were a fiercely independent folk. The chief Broom-squire families were the Boxalls, the Snellings, and the Nashes.[9] In 1896, the Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould published his novel The Broom-Squire which tells the fictitious tragic story of Mehetabel, supposedly the daughter of the Unknown Sailor, and of her ill-treatment at the hands of Bideabout, one of the Broom-squires.[10] Punchbowl MidnightThe 1951 children's novel Punchbowl Midnight[11] by Monica Edwards features the story of the Unknown Sailor and the Sailor's Stone. One of the characters, Tamzin Grey, believes that she has been cursed because she scratched her initials on the stone with a penknife. "It was for his money they did it, of course," Lindsey said. "And there's a curse, you know." IdentityIn his book Who was the Sailor murdered at Hindhead 1786 (2000), Peter Moorey argues the case that the Unknown Sailor's identity was Edward Hardman, born in 1752 in Lambeth, London. Further reading
References1. ^[https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/54136 Photograph of Sun Inn on Geograph website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sailor, Unknown}}2. ^Moorey, Peter. 2000.Who was the Sailor Murdered at Hindhead 1786. Blackdown Press {{ISBN|0-9533944-2-5}} 3. ^Get Surrey article on the Unknown Sailor's Gravestone 14 May 2009 4. ^Translation from National Trust information board beside cross. 5. ^Project Gutenberg edition of The Natural History of Selborne 6. ^Natural History of Selborne website 7. ^Forrester, Gillian. 1996. Turner's Drawing Book, The Liber Studiorum Tate Publishing {{ISBN|978-1-85437-182-9}} 8. ^Dickens, Charles. 1838-9. Nicholas Nickleby (Full text of Nicholas Nickleby at Project Gutenberg) 9. ^Wright, Thomas. 1898 Hindhead or the English Switzerland Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co Ltd 10. ^Baring-Gould, Sabine. 1896. The Broom-squire (Full text of The Broom-squire at Project Gutenberg) 11. ^Edwards, Monica. 1951. Punchbowl Midnight Collins 3 : 1786 deaths|People murdered in England|Year of birth unknown |
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